	
{"id":676,"date":"2024-09-24T12:24:01","date_gmt":"2024-09-24T12:24:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/?page_id=676"},"modified":"2024-11-12T15:29:51","modified_gmt":"2024-11-12T15:29:51","slug":"films-ultra-minces-et-nanoparticules-par-plasma-magnetron","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/fr\/films-ultra-minces-et-nanoparticules-par-plasma-magnetron\/","title":{"rendered":"Films ultra-minces et nanoparticules par plasma magn\u00e9tron"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:300\">FILMS ULTRA-MINCES ET NANOPARTICULES PAR PLASMA MAGN\u00c9TRON<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-lightgrey-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-lightgrey-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-secondary-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-67db692d667610a5d06b752357aa7c80\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600\">CONTACT : PIERRE BILLAUD&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1) Films ultra-minces<div class=\"row\"><\/div><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Les couches minces et ultra-minces (&lt; 100 nm) trouvent de nombreuses applications en optique, \u00e9lectronique, \u00e9lectrotechnique, photonique, spintronique, a\u00e9rospatiale, sant\u00e9, pile \u00e0 combustible, etc. Une m\u00e9thode tr\u00e8s efficace de r\u00e9alisation de ces films est la pulv\u00e9risation cathodique, proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de la famille PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition). C\u2019est le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de pulv\u00e9risation cathodique magn\u00e9tron qui est le plus utilis\u00e9. Le plasma peut \u00eatre cr\u00e9\u00e9 en courant continu (DCMS \u2013 Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering), en radiofr\u00e9quence (RF), en mode impulsionnel haute puissance (HiPIMS \u2013 High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering) ou encore en mode hyper-puissance (HyPIM \u2013 Hyper Power Impulse Magnetron). Nous disposons \u00e9galement des syst\u00e8mes de type arc (sous vide ou proche de la pression atmosph\u00e9rique). Le laboratoire dispose d\u2019une salle blanche et plusieurs r\u00e9acteurs magn\u00e9tron (multi-cibles) permettant la croissance de diff\u00e9rents films mono-\u00e9l\u00e9ment (m\u00e9tal, carbone, silicium, etc.), des empilements de plusieurs nano-couches, ou des compos\u00e9s (oxides, nitrures, oxi-nitrures, etc.)[REF 1,2].<br>A titre d\u2019exemple, des couches de cuivre (Cu) \u00e9pitaxi\u00e9es ont pu \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9es par magn\u00e9tron HiPIMS (Figure a \u2013 [REF 3]). La conductivit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique de ces couches est proche de celle obtenue par arc filtr\u00e9 et tr\u00e8s proche de celle du massif pour des \u00e9paisseurs bien inf\u00e9rieures \u00e0 100 nm (Figure b \u2013 [REF 4]). Notons que le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 est facilement accessible et que ces films ont \u00e9t\u00e9 obtenus sans pr\u00e9-traitement du substrat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"469\" src=\"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/2f6acaf4-7bcd-47ed-9aee-14ce3197a1b9.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-677\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/2f6acaf4-7bcd-47ed-9aee-14ce3197a1b9.png 768w, https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/2f6acaf4-7bcd-47ed-9aee-14ce3197a1b9-300x183.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>a) Croissance d\u2019une couche ultra-mince (&lt; 100 nm) \u00e9pitaxi\u00e9e de Cu [REF 3]<\/em><br><em>b) comparaison de la r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique en fonction de l\u2019\u00e9paisseur du d\u00e9p\u00f4t entre le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 conventionnel (DCMS) et HiPIMS [REF 4]. Pour un film de 100 nm, la r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 est seulement 2 fois sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle du massif.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans un second exemple, il est montr\u00e9 l\u2019effet interf\u00e9rom\u00e9trique multi-couches dans le cas de la r\u00e9duction de r\u00e9flectance d\u2019une surface super-r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissante (ici le Cu). Il est d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que la croissance conforme d\u2019un film ultramince (&lt; 100 nm, ici en C de type DLC \u2013 Diamond Like Carbon) est possible sur des substrats de forte rugosit\u00e9 (&gt; 2 \u00b5m). De plus, ce type de film semi-m\u00e9tallique et semi-transparent, absorbe une partie du rayonnement, mais il laisse aussi passer une partie qui se r\u00e9fl\u00e9chie sur le substrat (Cu). L\u2019onde ainsi r\u00e9fl\u00e9chie traverse une seconde fois le film et peut arriver en opposition de phase. A l\u2019aide d\u2019une mod\u00e9lisation \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique \u00e0 plusieurs interfaces il est donc possible d\u2019expliquer le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne observ\u00e9 exp\u00e9rimentalement mettant en \u00e9vidence une \u00e9paisseur optimale (entre 25 et 60 nm, suivant la longueur d\u2019onde). L\u2019absorption @ 1 \u00b5m passe de 99% \u00e0 30% environ (Figure 2, [REF 5]). L\u2019augmentation de l\u2019\u00e9paisseur de la couche au-del\u00e0 de 50 nm n\u2019am\u00e9liore pas le r\u00e9sultat et n\u00e9cessiterait un temps de d\u00e9p\u00f4t plus important. Notons \u00e9galement que le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 permet ais\u00e9ment un agrandissement d\u2019\u00e9chelle, comme tous les d\u00e9p\u00f4ts PVD.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ces films permettent une meilleure gestion de transfert de l\u2019\u00e9nergie et peuvent contribuer efficacement \u00e0 lutter contre le r\u00e9chauffement climatique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"479\" src=\"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/a884065a-4a8a-4b4a-9987-90dd09f4d022.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-678\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/a884065a-4a8a-4b4a-9987-90dd09f4d022.png 768w, https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/a884065a-4a8a-4b4a-9987-90dd09f4d022-300x187.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 2&nbsp;: Exemple d\u2019interf\u00e9rence destructive \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019une couche de carbone de 50&nbsp;nm environ sur une surface de cuivre de plusieurs \u00b5m de rugosit\u00e9. Le d\u00e9p\u00f4t conforme a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9 par magn\u00e9tron DCMS. [REF 5]<\/em><br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2) Nanoparticules<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p>Un nouveau volet de cette activit\u00e9 vise \u00e0 produire par PVD des agr\u00e9gats de quelques atomes \u00e0 quelques dizaines d\u2019atomes voire des nanoparticules. L\u2019aspect fondamental vise \u00e0 mieux comprendre les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes de coalescence en phase gazeuses et la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019avoir un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 s\u00e9lectif suivant la taille des nanoparticules. Le d\u00e9p\u00f4t d\u2019agr\u00e9gats (e.g.collaboration ILM) sur des substrats ad hoc (e.g. collaboration L2C) peut conduire \u00e0 la formation de nano-objets avec des formes ramifi\u00e9es. Ces nanostructures dendritiques multi-\u00e9chelles ( qq. nm \u00e0 qq. 100 nm) ayant une dimension fractale non enti\u00e8re (e.g. collaboration LAC), sont appel\u00e9es nanofractales (article en pr\u00e9paration). Une caract\u00e9risation par un montage optique au laboratoire de substrats recouverts de nano-structures visera d\u2019\u00e9largir le champ d\u2019\u00e9tude de leurs propri\u00e9t\u00e9s.<br>C\u00f4t\u00e9 applicatif, ce proc\u00e9d\u00e9 magn\u00e9tron visera de se proposer comme alternative \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9vaporation thermique ou \u00e0 la vaporisation laser, dont la productivit\u00e9 et l\u2019agrandissement d\u2019\u00e9chelle restent questionnables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[REF 1] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6463\/aac080\">F Cemin, M Tsukamoto, J Keraudy, V Antunes, UHelmersson, F Alvarez, T Minea, and D Lundin,<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6463\/aac080\"><em>Low-energy ion irradiation in HiPIMS to enable anatase TiO<sub>2<\/sub> selective growth<\/em><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6463\/aac080\">2018 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 51 (2018) 235301; doi: 10.1088\/1361-6463\/aac080<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[REF 2] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsf.2019.05.054\">F. Cemin, G. Abadias, T. Minea, D. Lundin<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsf.2019.05.054\"><em>Tuning HiPIMS discharge and substrate bias conditions to reduce the intrinsic stress of TiN thin films<br><\/em>2019 Thin Solid Films 688 (2019) 137335-https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsf.2019.05.054<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[REF 3] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-01755-8\">F.Cemin, D. Lundin, C.Furgeaud, A. Michel, G.Amiard, T. Minea, and G. Abadias<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-01755-8\"><em>Epitaxial growth of Cu(001) thin films onto Si(001) using a singlestepHiPIMS process<br><\/em>2017 Scientific Reports 7, 1655 ; doi:10.1038\/s41598-017-01755-8<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[REF 4] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1116\/1.4959555\">F. Cemin, D. Lundin, D. Cammilleri, T. Maroutian, P. Lecoeur, <u>T. Minea<\/u><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1116\/1.4959555\"><em>Low electrical resistivity in thin and ultrathin copper layers grown by high power impulse magnetron sputtering<\/em><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1116\/1.4959555\">2016 J. Vac. Sci Technol. <strong>A 34<\/strong>, 051506; doi: 10.1116\/1.4959555<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[REF 5] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsaelm.1c00520\">A. Crespi, Ch. Ballage, M-C Hugon, D. Lundin, <u>T. Minea<br><\/u><em>The role of amorphous nanocrystalline carbon film in the light interference of flexible copper foils<\/em><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsaelm.1c00520\">ACS Appl. Electron. 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(max-width: 712px) 100vw, 712px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/main>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>FILMS ULTRA-MINCES ET NANOPARTICULES PAR PLASMA MAGN\u00c9TRON CONTACT : PIERRE BILLAUD&nbsp; 1) Films ultra-minces Les couches minces et ultra-minces (&lt; 100 nm) trouvent de nombreuses applications en optique, \u00e9lectronique, \u00e9lectrotechnique, photonique, spintronique, a\u00e9rospatiale, sant\u00e9, pile \u00e0 combustible, etc. Une m\u00e9thode tr\u00e8s efficace de r\u00e9alisation de ces films est la pulv\u00e9risation cathodique, proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de la famille &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/fr\/films-ultra-minces-et-nanoparticules-par-plasma-magnetron\/\" class=\"more-link\">Lire la suite de<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u00ab\u00a0Films ultra-minces et nanoparticules par plasma magn\u00e9tron\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_en_post_content":"<!-- wp:heading {\"textAlign\":\"center\",\"level\":1,\"style\":{\"typography\":{\"fontStyle\":\"normal\",\"fontWeight\":\"300\"}}} -->\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:300\">Ultra-thin films and nanoparticles using magnetron plasma<\/h1>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:separator {\"backgroundColor\":\"lightgrey\"} -->\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-lightgrey-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-lightgrey-background-color has-background\"\/>\n<!-- \/wp:separator -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"style\":{\"elements\":{\"link\":{\"color\":{\"text\":\"var:preset|color|secondary\"}}},\"typography\":{\"fontStyle\":\"normal\",\"fontWeight\":\"600\"}},\"textColor\":\"secondary\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-secondary-color has-text-color has-link-color\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600\">CONTACT : PIERRE BILLAUD&nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1) Ultra-thin films<div class=\"row\"><\/div><\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Thin and ultra-thin films (&lt; 100 nm) have many applications in optics, electronics, electrical engineering, photonics, spintronics, aerospace, healthcare, fuel cells and more. One highly effective method of producing these films is sputtering, a process in the PVD (Physical Vapour Deposition) family. The magnetron sputtering process is the most widely used. Plasma can be created in direct current (DCMS - Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering), radio frequency (RF), high-power pulse mode (HiPIMS - High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering) or hyper-power mode (HyPIM - Hyper Power Impulse Magnetron). We also have arc-type systems (under vacuum or close to atmospheric pressure). The laboratory has a clean room and several (multi-target) magnetron reactors enabling the growth of various single-element films (metal, carbon, silicon, etc.), stacks of several nano-layers, or compounds (oxides, nitrides, oxi-nitrides, etc.) [REF 1,2].<br>By way of example, epitaxial copper (Cu) layers have been produced by HiPIMS magnetron (Figure a - [REF 3]). The electrical conductivity of these layers is close to that obtained by filtered arc and very close to that of the bulk for thicknesses well below 100 nm (Figure b - [REF 4]). It should be noted that the process used is easily accessible and that these films were obtained without any pre-treatment of the substrate.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":677,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\",\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/2f6acaf4-7bcd-47ed-9aee-14ce3197a1b9.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-677\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">a) Growth of an ultra-thin (&lt; 100 nm) Cu epitaxial layer [REF 3].b)<br> comparison of electrical resistivity as a function of deposit thickness<br> between the conventional process (DCMS) and HiPIMS [REF 4]. For a 100 <br>nm film, the resistivity is only 2 times that of the bulk.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>DIn a second example, the multi-layer interferometric effect is demonstrated in the case of reducing the reflectance of a super-reflective surface (in this case Cu). It is shown that the conformal growth of an ultra-thin film (&lt; 100 nm, here made of C of the DLC - Diamond Like Carbon - type) is possible on substrates with high roughness (&gt; 2 \u00b5m). In addition, this type of semi-metallic, semi-transparent film absorbs some of the radiation, but also allows some to pass through and be reflected off the substrate (Cu). The wave thus reflected passes through the film a second time and can arrive in phase opposition. Using electromagnetic modelling at several interfaces, it is therefore possible to explain the phenomenon observed experimentally, highlighting an optimum thickness (between 25 and 60 nm, depending on the wavelength). Absorption @ 1 \u00b5m falls from 99% to around 30% (Figure 2, [REF 5]). Increasing the layer thickness beyond 50 nm does not improve the result and would require a longer deposition time. It should also be noted that the process can easily be scaled up, as is the case with all PVD coatings.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>These films enable better management of energy transfer and can make an effective contribution to combating global warming.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":678,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\",\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/a884065a-4a8a-4b4a-9987-90dd09f4d022.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-678\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Figure 2&nbsp;: Example of destructive interference using a carbon <br>layer of around 50 nm on a copper surface with a roughness of several <br>\u00b5m. Conformal deposition was achieved by DCMS magnetron. [REF 5]<br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2) Nanoparticles<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:group {\"align\":\"full\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"blockGap\":\"0\"}},\"layout\":{\"type\":\"constrained\"}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull\"><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>A new aspect of this activity aims to use PVD to produce aggregates of a few atoms to a few dozen atoms, or even nanoparticles. The fundamental aspect aims to gain a better understanding of the phenomena of coalescence in the gas phase and the possibility of having a process that is selective according to the size of the nanoparticles. The deposition of aggregates (e.g. ILM collaboration) on ad hoc substrates (e.g. L2C collaboration) can lead to the formation of nano-objects with branched shapes. These multi-scale dendritic nanostructures (qq. nm to qq. 100 nm) with a non-integer fractal dimension (e.g. LAC collaboration) are called nanofractals (paper in preparation). Optical characterisation in the laboratory of substrates coated with nano-structures will be used to broaden the field of study of their properties.<br>In terms of applications, this magnetron process will be offered as an alternative to thermal evaporation or laser vaporisation, the productivity and scale-up of which are still questionable.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>[REF 1] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6463\/aac080\">F Cemin, M Tsukamoto, J Keraudy, V Antunes, UHelmersson, F Alvarez, T Minea, and D Lundin,<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6463\/aac080\"><em>Low-energy ion irradiation in HiPIMS to enable anatase TiO<sub>2<\/sub> selective growth<\/em><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6463\/aac080\">2018 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 51 (2018) 235301; doi: 10.1088\/1361-6463\/aac080<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>[REF 2] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsf.2019.05.054\">F. Cemin, G. Abadias, T. Minea, D. Lundin<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsf.2019.05.054\"><em>Tuning HiPIMS discharge and substrate bias conditions to reduce the intrinsic stress of TiN thin films<br><\/em>2019 Thin Solid Films 688 (2019) 137335-https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsf.2019.05.054<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>[REF 3] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-01755-8\">F.Cemin, D. Lundin, C.Furgeaud, A. Michel, G.Amiard, T. Minea, and G. Abadias<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-01755-8\"><em>Epitaxial growth of Cu(001) thin films onto Si(001) using a singlestepHiPIMS process<br><\/em>2017 Scientific Reports 7, 1655 ; doi:10.1038\/s41598-017-01755-8<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>[REF 4] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1116\/1.4959555\">F. Cemin, D. Lundin, D. Cammilleri, T. Maroutian, P. Lecoeur, <u>T. Minea<\/u><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1116\/1.4959555\"><em>Low electrical resistivity in thin and ultrathin copper layers grown by high power impulse magnetron sputtering<\/em><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1116\/1.4959555\">2016 J. Vac. Sci Technol. <strong>A 34<\/strong>, 051506; doi: 10.1116\/1.4959555<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>[REF 5] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsaelm.1c00520\">A. Crespi, Ch. Ballage, M-C Hugon, D. Lundin, <u>T. Minea<br><\/u><em>The role of amorphous nanocrystalline carbon film in the light interference of flexible copper foils<\/em><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsaelm.1c00520\">ACS Appl. Electron. Mater., 4, (2)(2022) 576\u2013584, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsaelm.1c00520<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:group {\"tagName\":\"main\",\"metadata\":{\"categories\":[\"featured\"],\"patternName\":\"inspiro\/section-with-text\",\"name\":\"Section with text\"},\"align\":\"full\",\"className\":\"site-content\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"margin\":{\"top\":\"0\"},\"padding\":{\"top\":\"var:preset|spacing|x-large\",\"bottom\":\"var:preset|spacing|x-large\"}}},\"backgroundColor\":\"primary\",\"layout\":{\"inherit\":true,\"type\":\"constrained\"}} -->\n<main class=\"wp-block-group alignfull site-content has-primary-background-color has-background\" style=\"margin-top:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--x-large);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--x-large)\"><!-- wp:group 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class=\"wp-image-535\" style=\"width:223px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:column --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:columns --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group --><\/main>\n<!-- \/wp:group -->","_en_post_name":"","_en_post_excerpt":"","_en_post_title":"Ultra-thin films and nanoparticles using magnetron plasma","_fr_post_content":"<!-- wp:heading {\"textAlign\":\"center\",\"level\":1,\"style\":{\"typography\":{\"fontStyle\":\"normal\",\"fontWeight\":\"300\"}}} -->\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:300\">FILMS ULTRA-MINCES ET NANOPARTICULES PAR PLASMA MAGN\u00c9TRON<\/h1>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:separator {\"backgroundColor\":\"lightgrey\"} -->\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-lightgrey-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-lightgrey-background-color has-background\"\/>\n<!-- \/wp:separator -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"style\":{\"elements\":{\"link\":{\"color\":{\"text\":\"var:preset|color|secondary\"}}},\"typography\":{\"fontStyle\":\"normal\",\"fontWeight\":\"600\"}},\"textColor\":\"secondary\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-secondary-color has-text-color has-link-color\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600\">CONTACT : PIERRE BILLAUD&nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1) Films ultra-minces<div class=\"row\"><\/div><\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Les couches minces et ultra-minces (&lt; 100 nm) trouvent de nombreuses applications en optique, \u00e9lectronique, \u00e9lectrotechnique, photonique, spintronique, a\u00e9rospatiale, sant\u00e9, pile \u00e0 combustible, etc. Une m\u00e9thode tr\u00e8s efficace de r\u00e9alisation de ces films est la pulv\u00e9risation cathodique, proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de la famille PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition). C\u2019est le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 de pulv\u00e9risation cathodique magn\u00e9tron qui est le plus utilis\u00e9. Le plasma peut \u00eatre cr\u00e9\u00e9 en courant continu (DCMS \u2013 Direct Current Magnetron Sputtering), en radiofr\u00e9quence (RF), en mode impulsionnel haute puissance (HiPIMS \u2013 High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering) ou encore en mode hyper-puissance (HyPIM \u2013 Hyper Power Impulse Magnetron). Nous disposons \u00e9galement des syst\u00e8mes de type arc (sous vide ou proche de la pression atmosph\u00e9rique). Le laboratoire dispose d\u2019une salle blanche et plusieurs r\u00e9acteurs magn\u00e9tron (multi-cibles) permettant la croissance de diff\u00e9rents films mono-\u00e9l\u00e9ment (m\u00e9tal, carbone, silicium, etc.), des empilements de plusieurs nano-couches, ou des compos\u00e9s (oxides, nitrures, oxi-nitrures, etc.)[REF 1,2].<br>A titre d\u2019exemple, des couches de cuivre (Cu) \u00e9pitaxi\u00e9es ont pu \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9es par magn\u00e9tron HiPIMS (Figure a \u2013 [REF 3]). La conductivit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique de ces couches est proche de celle obtenue par arc filtr\u00e9 et tr\u00e8s proche de celle du massif pour des \u00e9paisseurs bien inf\u00e9rieures \u00e0 100 nm (Figure b \u2013 [REF 4]). Notons que le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 utilis\u00e9 est facilement accessible et que ces films ont \u00e9t\u00e9 obtenus sans pr\u00e9-traitement du substrat.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":677,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\",\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/2f6acaf4-7bcd-47ed-9aee-14ce3197a1b9.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-677\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>a) Croissance d\u2019une couche ultra-mince (&lt; 100 nm) \u00e9pitaxi\u00e9e de Cu [REF 3]<\/em><br><em>b) comparaison de la r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 \u00e9lectrique en fonction de l\u2019\u00e9paisseur du d\u00e9p\u00f4t entre le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 conventionnel (DCMS) et HiPIMS [REF 4]. Pour un film de 100 nm, la r\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 est seulement 2 fois sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle du massif.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Dans un second exemple, il est montr\u00e9 l\u2019effet interf\u00e9rom\u00e9trique multi-couches dans le cas de la r\u00e9duction de r\u00e9flectance d\u2019une surface super-r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissante (ici le Cu). Il est d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que la croissance conforme d\u2019un film ultramince (&lt; 100 nm, ici en C de type DLC \u2013 Diamond Like Carbon) est possible sur des substrats de forte rugosit\u00e9 (&gt; 2 \u00b5m). De plus, ce type de film semi-m\u00e9tallique et semi-transparent, absorbe une partie du rayonnement, mais il laisse aussi passer une partie qui se r\u00e9fl\u00e9chie sur le substrat (Cu). L\u2019onde ainsi r\u00e9fl\u00e9chie traverse une seconde fois le film et peut arriver en opposition de phase. A l\u2019aide d\u2019une mod\u00e9lisation \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique \u00e0 plusieurs interfaces il est donc possible d\u2019expliquer le ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne observ\u00e9 exp\u00e9rimentalement mettant en \u00e9vidence une \u00e9paisseur optimale (entre 25 et 60 nm, suivant la longueur d\u2019onde). L\u2019absorption @ 1 \u00b5m passe de 99% \u00e0 30% environ (Figure 2, [REF 5]). L\u2019augmentation de l\u2019\u00e9paisseur de la couche au-del\u00e0 de 50 nm n\u2019am\u00e9liore pas le r\u00e9sultat et n\u00e9cessiterait un temps de d\u00e9p\u00f4t plus important. Notons \u00e9galement que le proc\u00e9d\u00e9 permet ais\u00e9ment un agrandissement d\u2019\u00e9chelle, comme tous les d\u00e9p\u00f4ts PVD.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Ces films permettent une meilleure gestion de transfert de l\u2019\u00e9nergie et peuvent contribuer efficacement \u00e0 lutter contre le r\u00e9chauffement climatique.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":678,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\",\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/a884065a-4a8a-4b4a-9987-90dd09f4d022.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-678\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 2&nbsp;: Exemple d\u2019interf\u00e9rence destructive \u00e0 l\u2019aide d\u2019une couche de carbone de 50&nbsp;nm environ sur une surface de cuivre de plusieurs \u00b5m de rugosit\u00e9. Le d\u00e9p\u00f4t conforme a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9 par magn\u00e9tron DCMS. [REF 5]<\/em><br><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2) Nanoparticules<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:group {\"align\":\"full\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"blockGap\":\"0\"}},\"layout\":{\"type\":\"constrained\"}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull\"><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Un nouveau volet de cette activit\u00e9 vise \u00e0 produire par PVD des agr\u00e9gats de quelques atomes \u00e0 quelques dizaines d\u2019atomes voire des nanoparticules. L\u2019aspect fondamental vise \u00e0 mieux comprendre les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes de coalescence en phase gazeuses et la possibilit\u00e9 d\u2019avoir un proc\u00e9d\u00e9 s\u00e9lectif suivant la taille des nanoparticules. Le d\u00e9p\u00f4t d\u2019agr\u00e9gats (e.g.collaboration ILM) sur des substrats ad hoc (e.g. collaboration L2C) peut conduire \u00e0 la formation de nano-objets avec des formes ramifi\u00e9es. Ces nanostructures dendritiques multi-\u00e9chelles ( qq. nm \u00e0 qq. 100 nm) ayant une dimension fractale non enti\u00e8re (e.g. collaboration LAC), sont appel\u00e9es nanofractales (article en pr\u00e9paration). Une caract\u00e9risation par un montage optique au laboratoire de substrats recouverts de nano-structures visera d\u2019\u00e9largir le champ d\u2019\u00e9tude de leurs propri\u00e9t\u00e9s.<br>C\u00f4t\u00e9 applicatif, ce proc\u00e9d\u00e9 magn\u00e9tron visera de se proposer comme alternative \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9vaporation thermique ou \u00e0 la vaporisation laser, dont la productivit\u00e9 et l\u2019agrandissement d\u2019\u00e9chelle restent questionnables.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>[REF 1] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6463\/aac080\">F Cemin, M Tsukamoto, J Keraudy, V Antunes, UHelmersson, F Alvarez, T Minea, and D Lundin,<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6463\/aac080\"><em>Low-energy ion irradiation in HiPIMS to enable anatase TiO<sub>2<\/sub> selective growth<\/em><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6463\/aac080\">2018 J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 51 (2018) 235301; doi: 10.1088\/1361-6463\/aac080<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>[REF 2] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsf.2019.05.054\">F. Cemin, G. Abadias, T. Minea, D. Lundin<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsf.2019.05.054\"><em>Tuning HiPIMS discharge and substrate bias conditions to reduce the intrinsic stress of TiN thin films<br><\/em>2019 Thin Solid Films 688 (2019) 137335-https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsf.2019.05.054<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>[REF 3] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-01755-8\">F.Cemin, D. Lundin, C.Furgeaud, A. Michel, G.Amiard, T. Minea, and G. Abadias<\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-01755-8\"><em>Epitaxial growth of Cu(001) thin films onto Si(001) using a singlestepHiPIMS process<br><\/em>2017 Scientific Reports 7, 1655 ; doi:10.1038\/s41598-017-01755-8<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>[REF 4] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1116\/1.4959555\">F. Cemin, D. Lundin, D. Cammilleri, T. Maroutian, P. Lecoeur, <u>T. Minea<\/u><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1116\/1.4959555\"><em>Low electrical resistivity in thin and ultrathin copper layers grown by high power impulse magnetron sputtering<\/em><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1116\/1.4959555\">2016 J. Vac. Sci Technol. <strong>A 34<\/strong>, 051506; doi: 10.1116\/1.4959555<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>[REF 5] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsaelm.1c00520\">A. Crespi, Ch. Ballage, M-C Hugon, D. Lundin, <u>T. Minea<br><\/u><em>The role of amorphous nanocrystalline carbon film in the light interference of flexible copper foils<\/em><\/a><br><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsaelm.1c00520\">ACS Appl. Electron. Mater., 4, (2)(2022) 576\u2013584, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acsaelm.1c00520<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:group {\"tagName\":\"main\",\"metadata\":{\"categories\":[\"featured\"],\"patternName\":\"inspiro\/section-with-text\",\"name\":\"Section with text\"},\"align\":\"full\",\"className\":\"site-content\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"margin\":{\"top\":\"0\"},\"padding\":{\"top\":\"var:preset|spacing|x-large\",\"bottom\":\"var:preset|spacing|x-large\"}}},\"backgroundColor\":\"primary\",\"layout\":{\"inherit\":true,\"type\":\"constrained\"}} -->\n<main class=\"wp-block-group alignfull site-content has-primary-background-color has-background\" style=\"margin-top:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--x-large);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--x-large)\"><!-- wp:group 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-->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"textColor\":\"lightgrey\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-lightgrey-color has-text-color\">Bat 210, rue Henri Becquerel<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"style\":{\"elements\":{\"link\":{\"color\":{\"text\":\"var:preset|color|lightgrey\"}}}},\"textColor\":\"lightgrey\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-lightgrey-color has-text-color has-link-color\">91405 Orsay Cedex<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"style\":{\"elements\":{\"link\":{\"color\":{\"text\":\"var:preset|color|white\"}}}},\"textColor\":\"white\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color\">T\u00e9l : (33) 01 69 15 72 51<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:column -->\n\n<!-- wp:column 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src=\"http:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Logotype-UPSaclay_BLANC.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-535\" style=\"width:223px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:column --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:columns --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group --><\/main>\n<!-- \/wp:group -->","_fr_post_name":"films-ultra-minces-et-nanoparticules-par-plasma-magnetron","_fr_post_excerpt":"","_fr_post_title":"Films ultra-minces et nanoparticules par plasma magn\u00e9tron","edit_language":"fr","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-676","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/676","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=676"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/676\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1051,"href":"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/676\/revisions\/1051"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=676"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}