	
{"id":664,"date":"2024-09-24T11:42:52","date_gmt":"2024-09-24T11:42:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/?page_id=664"},"modified":"2024-11-12T15:25:36","modified_gmt":"2024-11-12T15:25:36","slug":"caracterisation-experimentale-du-plasma-magnetron","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/fr\/caracterisation-experimentale-du-plasma-magnetron\/","title":{"rendered":"Caract\u00e9risation exp\u00e9rimentale du plasma magn\u00e9tron"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-large-font-size\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:300\">CARACT\u00c9RISATION EXP\u00c9RIMENTALE DU PLASMA MAGN\u00c9TRON<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-lightgrey-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-lightgrey-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-secondary-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-d50004815457fa06f610b0fc715eb34b\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600\">CONTACT : TIBERIU MINEA<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bien que le plasma magn\u00e9tron soit largement utilis\u00e9 couramment comme outil technologique pour les rev\u00eatements de surfaces, la physique qui gouverne ces plasmas haute densit\u00e9 &#8211; basse pression est seulement partiellement comprise. Les difficult\u00e9s sont inh\u00e9rentes \u00e0 tous les plasmas dits <strong>E<\/strong>&nbsp;x&nbsp;<strong>B<\/strong>, qui sont produits dans des structures de champs \u00e9lectrique et magn\u00e9tique crois\u00e9s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cette d\u00e9charge est toujours \u00e9tudi\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re fondamentale depuis sa d\u00e9couverte il y a plus de&nbsp;50 ans. Les ions positifs du plasma sont acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9s vers la cathode (ou cible) entra\u00eenant la pulv\u00e9risation des atomes qui la composent. Ces derniers vont alors traverser le plasma et se d\u00e9poser vers l\u2019anode (ou substrat) cr\u00e9ant ainsi un d\u00e9p\u00f4t. La particularit\u00e9 du magn\u00e9tron est la faible pression de travail possible par l\u2019ajout d\u2019un champ magn\u00e9tique qui pi\u00e8ge efficacement les \u00e9lectrons augmentant de fait le taux d\u2019ionisation du gaz (en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d\u2019Argon). L\u2019av\u00e8nement des nouvelles fa\u00e7ons de transmettre la puissance \u00e9lectrique au plasma, notamment par l\u2019application des impulsions de haute puissance (High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering &#8211; HiPIMS) a ouvert des nouveaux horizons et potentialit\u00e9s pour ces plasmas. Le plasma HiPIMS \u00e9largit consid\u00e9rablement les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes \u00e0 explorer par l\u2019ajout d\u2019une dimension temporelle qui s\u00e9pare les phases d\u2019ionisation du gaz, de pulv\u00e9risation, et d\u2019ionisation de la mati\u00e8re pulv\u00e9ris\u00e9. Ainsi, les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s des films obtenus se trouvent am\u00e9lior\u00e9es [1].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le LPGP s\u2019att\u00e8le depuis de nombreuses ann\u00e9es \u00e0 la compr\u00e9hension des diff\u00e9rents m\u00e9canismes \u00e0 l\u2019\u0153uvre dans le magn\u00e9tron que ce soit au niveau du plasma ou du transport de la mati\u00e8re pulv\u00e9ris\u00e9e. L\u2019une des principales difficult\u00e9s r\u00e9side dans l\u2019inaccessibilit\u00e9 des mesures exp\u00e9rimentales au plus proche de la cathode, l\u00e0 o\u00f9 les champs \u00e9lectrique et magn\u00e9tique sont les plus intenses.&nbsp;Toutefois, les derni\u00e8res avanc\u00e9es r\u00e9alis\u00e9es par diffusion Thomson ont permis d\u2019apporter des \u00e9l\u00e9ments de r\u00e9ponse sur les instabilit\u00e9 pr\u00e9sentes dans cette r\u00e9gion, les d\u00e9rives des \u00e9lectrons et leur impact sur le comportement de la d\u00e9charge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1) Nouveau Mode de fonctionnement des plasmas E x B<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Les \u00e9tudes men\u00e9es au LPGP sur les d\u00e9charges magn\u00e9tron impulsionnel haute puissance (HiPIMS pour High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering) ont accompagn\u00e9 le d\u00e9veloppement de ces d\u00e9charges depuis leur mise en \u0153uvre, dans les ann\u00e9es 2000. A pr\u00e9sent le magn\u00e9tron HiPIMS est devenu un outil versatile permettant non seulement d\u2019am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 des films d\u00e9pos\u00e9s, mais aussi de mieux contr\u00f4ler les conditions de croissance et d\u2019obtenir, dans certains cas, des arrangements atomiques quasi-parfaits, tels que la croissance epitaxi\u00e9e [2] (voir <em>Films ultra-minces<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Suivant une approche&nbsp; &#8211;&nbsp; Physique des D\u00e9charges&nbsp; &#8211;&nbsp; on trouve le r\u00e9gime HiPIMS comme une extension du r\u00e9gime de d\u00e9charge luminescente anormale, \u00e0 la fois vers les hautes tensions et vers les forts courants. En effet, pour une tension typiquement 2 \u00e0 3 fois sup\u00e9rieure au fonctionnement conventionnel des d\u00e9charges magn\u00e9tron, le courant en mode HiPIMS est 100 \u00e0 1000 fois sup\u00e9rieur, mais avec un rapport cyclique de 100 \u00e0 1000, afin que la densit\u00e9 moyenne de courant sur la cathode (cible) soit \u00e9quivalente.&nbsp; Toutefois, cette extension reste relativement r\u00e9duite, car en essayant d\u2019augmenter la tension de fonctionnement et surtout la densit\u00e9 de courant (&gt; 10 A cm<sup>-2<\/sup>), la d\u00e9charge HiPIMS \u00e9volue in\u00e9vitablement vers l\u2019arc \u00e9lectrique. Cette transition est facilement identifiable par une chute brutale de la tension, simultan\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019augmentation du courant [3].&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Une question ouverte en physique des d\u00e9charges, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, est le fonctionnement d\u2019un plasma en mode luminescent, mais avec des densit\u00e9s de courant qui d\u00e9passent les <strong>10 A cm<sup>-2<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nous avons trouv\u00e9 les conditions pour un tel fonctionnement, parfaitement distinct du r\u00e9gime anormal, mais aussi du bien connu arc \u00e9lectrique. Ce r\u00e9gime est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par des tr\u00e8s fort courants, typique pour les arcs \u00e9lectriques (jusqu\u2019\u00e0 50 A cm<sup>-2<\/sup>), tout en pr\u00e9servant l\u2019op\u00e9ration en mode luminescent (\u2018glow\u2019), c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire sans formation de spots cathodiques, sans \u00e9jectas de particules, et surtout sans chute de la tension en de\u00e7\u00e0 de 100V.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ce nouveau mode a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 Hyper Power Impulse Magnetron [4] (HyPIM glow discharge). En effet, en diminuant la tension de 2\/3 par rapport au HiPIMS, le courant de d\u00e9charge dans une m\u00eame configuration E x B de type magn\u00e9tron, le courant de d\u00e9charge augmente d\u2019un facteur 6 par rapport au mode HiPIMS couramment enregistr\u00e9. Clairement, ces points de fonctionnement se trouvent dans la r\u00e9gion typique de l\u2019arc \u00e9lectrique, comme le montre la figure ci-dessous (points bleu).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignfull are-vertically-aligned-center has-light-background-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide has-light-background-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"442\" src=\"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/44b05832-9325-4ac2-a5aa-1c82545a39ac.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-665\" style=\"width:1279px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/44b05832-9325-4ac2-a5aa-1c82545a39ac.png 768w, https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/44b05832-9325-4ac2-a5aa-1c82545a39ac-300x173.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 1 &#8211; Les points bleu montre le fonctionnement<br> des d\u00e9charges luminescentes en configuration E x B dans la r\u00e9gion <br>historiquement correspondant aux arcs \u00e9lectriques [4].<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Ce mode de fonctionnement a \u00e9t\u00e9 v\u00e9rifi\u00e9 avec trois mat\u00e9riaux cible (carbone (C), molybd\u00e8ne (Mo) et tungst\u00e8ne (W)) sous atmosph\u00e8re d&rsquo;h\u00e9lium 10-30 Pa. Deux conditions critiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9es comme n\u00e9cessaires pour atteindre le mode HyPIM&nbsp;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>la tension de d\u00e9charge doit \u00eatre limit\u00e9e<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>un faible courant de pr\u00e9-ionisation est indispensable avant l\u2019application de l\u2019impulsion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"517\" src=\"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/0617cd05-9634-41e4-b653-a919b8b6c014.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-666\" style=\"width:1138px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/0617cd05-9634-41e4-b653-a919b8b6c014.png 768w, https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/0617cd05-9634-41e4-b653-a919b8b6c014-300x202.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong><em>Figure 2 <\/em><\/strong><em>&#8211; D\u00e9charge luminescente en mode HyPIM, avec une densit\u00e9 de courant de 30&nbsp;A cm<sup>-2<\/sup>.<\/em><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignfull are-vertically-aligned-center has-light-background-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>2) Diagnostic des plasmas magn\u00e9tron et des instabilit\u00e9s<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Le diagnostic des plasmas magn\u00e9tron et mode impulsionnel exige \u00e0 la fois une r\u00e9solution temporelle (&lt; 1 \u00b5s) et spatiale impos\u00e9e par les forts gradients de champs (\u00e9lectrique et magn\u00e9tique) qui r\u00e9gissent le transport et l\u2019ionisation des esp\u00e8ces dans une r\u00e9gion localis\u00e9e devant la cathode, dite zone d\u2019ionisation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Les techniques de diagnostic avanc\u00e9es utilisant les lasers et la spectroscopie r\u00e9pondent \u00e0 ces exigences. Les diodes laser solides ont une finesse de raie telle qu\u2019il est possible de discerner le profil spectral des raies sond\u00e9es. Ainsi, pour des particules \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques, telles que celles issues de la cible lors de la pulv\u00e9risation, il est ais\u00e9 de mesurer la densit\u00e9 et leur vitesse obtenue \u00e0 partir de l\u2019\u00e9largissement Doppler, donc de mesurer les flux de ces esp\u00e8ces. Suivant la longueur d\u2019onde, ces techniques d\u2019absorption laser ou de fluorescence induite par laser peuvent renseigner sur le comportement du gaz plasmag\u00e8ne, des \u00e9tats excit\u00e9s (notamment m\u00e9tastables), des ions, des neutres pulv\u00e9ris\u00e9s, ou encore des ions du mat\u00e9riau cible form\u00e9s apr\u00e8s leur passage dans la zone d\u2019ionisation. La pr\u00e9cision de ces mesures a permis d\u2019\u00e9valuer les sections efficaces d\u2019interaction m\u00e9tal-gaz (e.g. Titane \u2013 Argon) dans un magn\u00e9tron [5].<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Diffusion Thomson &nbsp;&#8211; mesure de la densit\u00e9 et de la d\u00e9rive des \u00e9lectrons ainsi que des instabilit\u00e9s du plasma HiPIMS<\/em><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>La connaissance pr\u00e9cise de la densit\u00e9 \u00e9lectronique locale dans les pi\u00e8ges magn\u00e9tiques est tr\u00e8s importante pour comprendre le comportement des plasmas confin\u00e9s, tel le plasma magn\u00e9tron. Le seul diagnostic non-intrusif semble \u00eatre la diffusion Thomson qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 employ\u00e9e avec succ\u00e8s pour la mesure de la densit\u00e9 et de la temp\u00e9rature des \u00e9lectrons dans le pi\u00e8ge magn\u00e9tique des plasmas E x B. [6] De plus, cette technique est suffisamment r\u00e9solue en temps pour suivre l\u2019\u00e9volution des param\u00e8tre \u00e9lectroniques dans les d\u00e9charges HiPIMS. Elle permet aussi de mesurer la vitesse et le sens de d\u00e9rive des \u00e9lectrons, en diff\u00e9rents r\u00e9gimes de d\u00e9charge et apporte un \u00e9clairage nouveau sur les plasmas magn\u00e9tis\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"495\" src=\"http:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/31c716b8-7bdf-4528-8e91-b69ab7a6e82f.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-667\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/31c716b8-7bdf-4528-8e91-b69ab7a6e82f.png 768w, https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/31c716b8-7bdf-4528-8e91-b69ab7a6e82f-300x193.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>Figure 3<\/strong> -Densit\u00e9 (bleu) et temp\u00e9rature (orange) \u00e9lectronique mesur\u00e9es \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents instants pendant les 60 \u00b5s de dur\u00e9e de pulse. Le profil du courant HiPIMS est report\u00e9.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-3 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<p>De plus, la diffusion Thomson, cette fois-ci coh\u00e9rente, a permis d\u2019identifier un comportement similaire \u00e0 celui mod\u00e9lis\u00e9 par PIC-MCC avec l\u2019approche<em> Pseudo-3D&nbsp;<\/em>[7]. Un pic de fr\u00e9quence est obtenu par transform\u00e9e de Fourier du signal \u2013 mesur\u00e9 ou calcul\u00e9 pour la densit\u00e9 \u00e9lectronique \u2013 dans la gamme des MHz (la pulsation plasma est dans la gamme des GHz). Ces fluctuations sont orient\u00e9es en direction normale \u00e0 la cathode (voir figure 4). La mod\u00e9lisation montre des gerbes d\u2019\u00e9lectrons en direction normale, contribuant au d\u00e9confinement du plasma. Une autre direction, presque parall\u00e8le \u00e0 la cathode montre une grande amplitude des fluctuations \u00e9lectroniques, correspondant \u00e0 la d\u00e9rive des \u00e9lectrons. [8]<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"316\" height=\"132\" src=\"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/db624746-581f-4e0d-86f9-9a0e6119ee1e.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-668\" style=\"width:714px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/db624746-581f-4e0d-86f9-9a0e6119ee1e.png 316w, https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/db624746-581f-4e0d-86f9-9a0e6119ee1e-300x125.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 316px) 100vw, 316px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><em><em><strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. R\u00e9sultats de diffusion Thomson collective (a) amplitude et (b) fr\u00e9quence en fonction de l\u2019orientation angulaire dans le plan (<strong>E<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>E<\/strong>&nbsp;x&nbsp;<strong>B<\/strong>). O repr\u00e9sente le centre de la cathode. DC&nbsp;:&nbsp;U<sub>cath<\/sub>&nbsp;= 370 V,&nbsp;I&nbsp;= 0.4 A; le nombre d\u2019onde&nbsp;&nbsp;k&nbsp;= 5600 rad\/m.<sup>5<\/sup><\/em><\/em><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>[1] <a href=\"https:\/\/www-elsevier-com.ezproxy.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/books\/high-power-impulse-magnetron-sputtering\/lundin\/978-0-12-812454-3\">Daniel Lundin, Tiberiu Minea, Jon Tomas Gudmundsson, Editors \u2013 High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering: Fundamentals, Technologies, Challenges and Applications &#8211; 1st Edition, ISBN: 9780128124543, Elsevier, 2019<\/a><br>[2] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsf.2019.05.054\">F. Cemin, G. Abadias, T. Minea, D. Lundin,&nbsp;Tuning HiPIMS discharge and substrate bias conditions to reduce the intrinsic stress of TiN thin films,&nbsp;Thin Solid Films 688 (2019) 137335<\/a><br>[3] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6595\/ac3341\">E. Morel, Y. Rozier, Ch. Ballages, R. Bazinette, T. Forchard, C. Creusot, A. Girodet, T. Minea, Behavior of high current density pulsed magnetron discharge with carbon target, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 30 (2021) 125001<\/a><br>[4] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1209\/0295-5075\/ac2e2b\">E. Morel, T. Minea, Y. Rozier, Hyper Power Impulse Magnetron &#8211; HyPIM -glow discharge, Euro. Phys. Lett. (EPL) 138 (2022) 24001<\/a><br>[5] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6595\/aadebe\">A. Revel, T. Minea, C. Costin,. 2D PIC-MCC simulations of magnetron plasma in HiPIMS regime with external circuit, 2018, PSST, 27, 105009.<\/a><br>[6] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6595\/ab0c67\">S. Tsikata, B. Vincent, C. Ballage, A. Revel, and T. Minea, Time-resolved electron properties of a HiPIMS argon discharge via incoherent Thomson scattering, 2019 Plasma Sources Sci. &amp;Technol. 28(3) (2019) 03LT02<\/a><br>[5] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6595\/abefa8\">M. Rudolph, A. Revel, D. Lundin, H. Hajihoseini, N. Brenning, M. Raadu, A. Anders, T. Minea, JT Gudmundsson, On the electron energy distribution function in the high power impulse magnetron sputtering discharge, 2021 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 30, 045011<\/a><br>[6] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6595\/ac352b\">A. Revel et. al.Transition from ballistic to thermalized transport of metal-sputtered species in a DC magnetron, 2021, PSST, 30, 125005.<\/a><br>[7] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.4964480\">A. Revel, T. Minea, and S. Tsikata Pseudo-3D PIC modeling of drift-induced spatial inhomogeneities in planar magnetron plasmas 2016 Phys. Plasmas 23, 100701<\/a><br>[8] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.114.185001\">S. Tsikata and T. Minea, Modulated Electron Cyclotron Drift Instability in a High-Power Pulsed Magnetron Discharge, 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 185001<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<main class=\"wp-block-group alignfull site-content has-primary-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--x-large);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--x-large)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-default is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div style=\"height:32px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-06a94d446a877e90ecb6dc782b8b3e42 is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-white-color 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\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/main>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>CARACT\u00c9RISATION EXP\u00c9RIMENTALE DU PLASMA MAGN\u00c9TRON CONTACT : TIBERIU MINEA Bien que le plasma magn\u00e9tron soit largement utilis\u00e9 couramment comme outil technologique pour les rev\u00eatements de surfaces, la physique qui gouverne ces plasmas haute densit\u00e9 &#8211; basse pression est seulement partiellement comprise. Les difficult\u00e9s sont inh\u00e9rentes \u00e0 tous les plasmas dits E&nbsp;x&nbsp;B, qui sont produits dans &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/fr\/caracterisation-experimentale-du-plasma-magnetron\/\" class=\"more-link\">Lire la suite de<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u00ab\u00a0Caract\u00e9risation exp\u00e9rimentale du plasma magn\u00e9tron\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_en_post_content":"<!-- wp:heading {\"textAlign\":\"center\",\"level\":1,\"style\":{\"typography\":{\"fontStyle\":\"normal\",\"fontWeight\":\"300\"}},\"fontSize\":\"large\"} -->\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-large-font-size\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:300\">Experimental characterisation of magnetron plasma<\/h1>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:separator {\"backgroundColor\":\"lightgrey\"} -->\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-lightgrey-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-lightgrey-background-color has-background\"\/>\n<!-- \/wp:separator -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"style\":{\"elements\":{\"link\":{\"color\":{\"text\":\"var:preset|color|secondary\"}}},\"typography\":{\"fontStyle\":\"normal\",\"fontWeight\":\"600\"}},\"textColor\":\"secondary\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-secondary-color has-text-color has-link-color\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600\">CONTACT : TIBERIU MINEA<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Although magnetron plasma is widely used as a technological tool for surface coatings, the physics governing these high-density, low-pressure plasmas is only partially understood. The difficulties are inherent in all so-called E x B plasmas, which are produced in crossed electric and magnetic field structures.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>This discharge has been the subject of fundamental research ever since it was discovered over 50 years ago. The positive ions in the plasma are accelerated towards the cathode (or target), causing the atoms that make it up to sputter. These atoms then pass through the plasma and are deposited on the anode (or substrate), creating a deposit. The special feature of the magnetron is the low working pressure made possible by the addition of a magnetic field that effectively traps the electrons, thereby increasing the rate of ionisation of the gas (usually Argon). The advent of new ways of transmitting electrical power to the plasma, in particular through the application of High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS), has opened up new horizons and potential for these plasmas. HiPIMS plasma considerably broadens the range of phenomena to be explored by adding a time dimension that separates the gas ionisation, sputtering and sputtered material ionisation phases. As a result, the properties of the films obtained are improved [1].<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>For many years, the LPGP has been working to understand the various mechanisms at work in the magnetron, both in the plasma and in the transport of the sputtered material. One of the main difficulties lies in the inaccessibility of experimental measurements as close as possible to the cathode, where the electric and magnetic fields are the strongest. However, the latest advances in Thomson scattering have provided some answers about the instability present in this region, electron drift and its impact on the behaviour of the discharge.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1) <em>New operating mode for E x B plasmas<\/em><\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The studies carried out at LPGP on High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS) have accompanied the development of these discharges since their introduction in the 2000s. The HiPIMS magnetron has now become a versatile tool that can be used not only to improve the quality of deposited films, but also to better control growth conditions and, in some cases, to obtain near-perfect atomic arrangements, such as epitaxial growth [2].<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Following a discharge physics approach, we find the HiPIMS regime to be an extension of the abnormal glow discharge regime, both towards high voltages and towards high currents. Indeed, for a voltage typically 2 to 3 times higher than conventional magnetron discharge operation, the current in HiPIMS mode is 100 to 1000 times higher, but with a duty cycle of 100 to 1000, so that the average current density on the cathode (target) is equivalent. However, this extension remains relatively small, because by trying to increase the operating voltage and above all the current density (&gt; 10 A cm<sup>-2<\/sup>), the HiPIMS discharge inevitably evolves into an electric arc. This transition is easily identified by a sudden drop in voltage, simultaneous with an increase in current [3].<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>An open question in discharge physics to date is how a plasma can operate in luminescent mode, but with current densities exceeding 10 A cm<sup>-2<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>We have found the conditions for such operation, perfectly distinct from the abnormal regime, but also from the well-known electric arc. This regime is characterised by very high currents, typical of electric arcs. (up to 50 A cm<sup>-2<\/sup>), while maintaining operation in luminescent mode (\u2018glow\u2019), i.e. no formation of cathode spots, no ejection of particles, and above all no drop in voltage below 100V.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>This new mode has been named Hyper Power Impulse Magnetron [4] (HyPIM glow discharge). In fact, by reducing the voltage by 2\/3 compared with HiPIMS, the discharge current in the same magnetron-type E x B configuration increases by a factor of 6 compared with the commonly recorded HiPIMS mode. Clearly, these operating points are in the typical arc region, as shown in the figure below (blue dots).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:group {\"align\":\"full\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"blockGap\":\"0\"}},\"layout\":{\"type\":\"constrained\"}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull\"><!-- wp:columns {\"verticalAlignment\":\"center\",\"align\":\"full\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"padding\":{\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\"},\"blockGap\":{\"top\":\"0\",\"left\":\"var:preset|spacing|x-small\"}}},\"backgroundColor\":\"light-background\"} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignfull are-vertically-aligned-center has-light-background-background-color has-background\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><!-- wp:column -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:column --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:columns -->\n\n<!-- wp:columns {\"align\":\"wide\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"padding\":{\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\"},\"blockGap\":{\"top\":\"0\",\"left\":\"var:preset|spacing|x-small\"}}},\"backgroundColor\":\"light-background\"} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide has-light-background-background-color has-background\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><!-- wp:column -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\"><!-- wp:image {\"id\":665,\"width\":\"1279px\",\"height\":\"auto\",\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img src=\"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/44b05832-9325-4ac2-a5aa-1c82545a39ac.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-665\" style=\"width:1279px;height:auto\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 1 - Les points bleu montre le fonctionnement<br> des d\u00e9charges luminescentes en configuration E x B dans la r\u00e9gion <br>historiquement correspondant aux arcs \u00e9lectriques [4].<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:column --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:columns -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>This mode of operation was verified with three target materials (carbon (C), molybdenum (Mo) and tungsten (W)) in a 10-30 Pa helium atmosphere. Two critical conditions were identified as necessary to achieve the HyPIM mode:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:list -->\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>the discharge voltage must be limited<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>a low pre-ionisation current is essential before the pulse is applied.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":666,\"width\":\"1138px\",\"height\":\"auto\",\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img src=\"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/0617cd05-9634-41e4-b653-a919b8b6c014.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-666\" style=\"width:1138px;height:auto\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong><em>Figure 2 <\/em><\/strong><em>- Glow discharge in HyPIM mode, with a current density of 30&nbsp;A cm-2.<\/em><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group -->\n\n<!-- wp:group {\"align\":\"full\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"blockGap\":\"0\"}},\"layout\":{\"type\":\"constrained\"}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull\"><!-- wp:columns {\"verticalAlignment\":\"center\",\"align\":\"full\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"padding\":{\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\"},\"blockGap\":{\"top\":\"0\",\"left\":\"var:preset|spacing|x-small\"}}},\"backgroundColor\":\"light-background\"} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignfull are-vertically-aligned-center has-light-background-background-color has-background\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><!-- wp:column -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:column --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:columns -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><h3>2) Diagnosis of magnetron plasmas and instabilities<\/h3><\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Diagnosis of magnetron and pulse-mode plasmas requires both temporal (&lt; 1 \u00b5s) and spatial resolution imposed by the strong field gradients (electric and magnetic) that govern the transport and ionisation of species in a region located in front of the cathode, known as the ionisation zone.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Advanced diagnostic techniques using lasers and spectroscopy meet these requirements. Solid-state laser diodes have a line sharpness such that it is possible to discern the spectral profile of the lines probed. Thus, for energetic particles, such as those released by the target during spraying, it is easy to measure the density and their velocity obtained from Doppler broadening, and therefore to measure the fluxes of these species. Depending on the wavelength, these laser absorption or laser-induced fluorescence techniques can provide information on the behaviour of the plasma gas, excited states (particularly metastable), ions, sputtered neutrals, or target material ions formed after passing through the ionisation zone. The accuracy of these measurements has made it possible to evaluate the effective cross-sections of metal-gas interactions (e.g. Titanium - Argon) in a magnetron [5].<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:group {\"align\":\"full\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"blockGap\":\"0\"}},\"layout\":{\"type\":\"constrained\"}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull\"><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em><h4><em>Thomson scattering - measurement of electron density and drift as well as plasma instabilities HiPIMS<\/em><\/h4><\/em><\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Precise knowledge of the local electron density in magnetic traps is very important for understanding the behaviour of confined plasmas such as magnetron plasma. The only non-intrusive diagnostic seems to be Thomson scattering, which has been used successfully to measure the electron density and temperature in the magnetic trap of E x B plasmas [6]. Moreover, this technique is sufficiently time-resolved to follow the evolution of the electronic parameters in HiPIMS discharges. It can also be used to measure the speed and direction of electron drift in different discharge regimes, shedding new light on magnetised plasmas.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":667,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\",\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img src=\"http:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/31c716b8-7bdf-4528-8e91-b69ab7a6e82f.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-667\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>Figure 3<\/strong> -Electronic density (blue) and temperature (orange) measured at <br>different times during the 60 \u00b5s pulse duration. The HiPIMS current <br>profile is plotted.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:group {\"align\":\"full\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"blockGap\":\"0\"}},\"layout\":{\"type\":\"constrained\"}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull\"><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>In addition, Thomson scattering, this time coherent, made it possible to identify behaviour similar to that modelled by PIC-MCC using the Pseudo-3D approach [7]. A frequency peak is obtained by Fourier transform of the signal - measured or calculated for the electron density - in the MHz range (the plasma pulsation is in the GHz range). These fluctuations are oriented in a direction normal to the cathode (see Figure 4). The modelling shows electron sprays in the normal direction, contributing to plasma deconfinement. Another direction, almost parallel to the cathode, shows a large amplitude of electronic fluctuations, corresponding to electron drift. [8]<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":668,\"width\":\"714px\",\"height\":\"auto\",\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\",\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img src=\"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/db624746-581f-4e0d-86f9-9a0e6119ee1e.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-668\" style=\"width:714px;height:auto\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><em><em><strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. Thomson collective scattering results (a) amplitude and (b) <br>frequency as a function of angular orientation in the (E, E x B) plane. O<br> represents the centre of the cathode. DC&nbsp;:&nbsp;Ucath&nbsp;= 370 V,&nbsp;I&nbsp;= 0.4 A; the wave number &nbsp;k&nbsp;= 5600 rad\/m.5<\/em><\/em><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>[1] <a href=\"https:\/\/www-elsevier-com.ezproxy.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/books\/high-power-impulse-magnetron-sputtering\/lundin\/978-0-12-812454-3\">Daniel Lundin, Tiberiu Minea, Jon Tomas Gudmundsson, Editors \u2013 High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering: Fundamentals, Technologies, Challenges and Applications - 1st Edition, ISBN: 9780128124543, Elsevier, 2019<\/a><br>[2] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsf.2019.05.054\">F. Cemin, G. Abadias, T. Minea, D. Lundin,&nbsp;Tuning HiPIMS discharge and substrate bias conditions to reduce the intrinsic stress of TiN thin films,&nbsp;Thin Solid Films 688 (2019) 137335<\/a><br>[3] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6595\/ac3341\">E. Morel, Y. Rozier, Ch. Ballages, R. Bazinette, T. Forchard, C. Creusot, A. Girodet, T. Minea, Behavior of high current density pulsed magnetron discharge with carbon target, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 30 (2021) 125001<\/a><br>[4] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1209\/0295-5075\/ac2e2b\">E. Morel, T. Minea, Y. Rozier, Hyper Power Impulse Magnetron - HyPIM -glow discharge, Euro. Phys. Lett. (EPL) 138 (2022) 24001<\/a><br>[5] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6595\/aadebe\">A. Revel, T. Minea, C. Costin,. 2D PIC-MCC simulations of magnetron plasma in HiPIMS regime with external circuit, 2018, PSST, 27, 105009.<\/a><br>[6] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6595\/ab0c67\">S. Tsikata, B. Vincent, C. Ballage, A. Revel, and T. Minea, Time-resolved electron properties of a HiPIMS argon discharge via incoherent Thomson scattering, 2019 Plasma Sources Sci. &amp;Technol. 28(3) (2019) 03LT02<\/a><br>[5] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6595\/abefa8\">M. Rudolph, A. Revel, D. Lundin, H. Hajihoseini, N. Brenning, M. Raadu, A. Anders, T. Minea, JT Gudmundsson, On the electron energy distribution function in the high power impulse magnetron sputtering discharge, 2021 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 30, 045011<\/a><br>[6] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6595\/ac352b\">A. Revel et. al.Transition from ballistic to thermalized transport of metal-sputtered species in a DC magnetron, 2021, PSST, 30, 125005.<\/a><br>[7] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.4964480\">A. Revel, T. Minea, and S. Tsikata Pseudo-3D PIC modeling of drift-induced spatial inhomogeneities in planar magnetron plasmas 2016 Phys. Plasmas 23, 100701<\/a><br>[8] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.114.185001\">S. Tsikata and T. Minea, Modulated Electron Cyclotron Drift Instability in a High-Power Pulsed Magnetron Discharge, 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 185001<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer -->\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group -->\n\n<!-- wp:group {\"tagName\":\"main\",\"metadata\":{\"categories\":[\"featured\"],\"patternName\":\"inspiro\/section-with-text\",\"name\":\"Section with text\"},\"align\":\"full\",\"className\":\"site-content\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"margin\":{\"top\":\"0\"},\"padding\":{\"top\":\"var:preset|spacing|x-large\",\"bottom\":\"var:preset|spacing|x-large\"}}},\"backgroundColor\":\"primary\",\"layout\":{\"inherit\":true,\"type\":\"constrained\"}} -->\n<main class=\"wp-block-group alignfull site-content has-primary-background-color has-background\" style=\"margin-top:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--x-large);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--x-large)\"><!-- wp:group {\"className\":\"is-style-default\",\"layout\":{\"type\":\"default\"}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-group 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class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img src=\"http:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/LOGO_CNRS_BLANC-1024x1024.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-536\" style=\"width:114px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":535,\"width\":\"223px\",\"height\":\"auto\",\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img src=\"http:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Logotype-UPSaclay_BLANC.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-535\" style=\"width:223px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:column --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:columns --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group --><\/main>\n<!-- \/wp:group -->","_en_post_name":"","_en_post_excerpt":"","_en_post_title":"Experimental characterisation of magnetron plasma","_fr_post_content":"<!-- wp:heading {\"textAlign\":\"center\",\"level\":1,\"style\":{\"typography\":{\"fontStyle\":\"normal\",\"fontWeight\":\"300\"}},\"fontSize\":\"large\"} -->\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center has-large-font-size\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:300\">CARACT\u00c9RISATION EXP\u00c9RIMENTALE DU PLASMA MAGN\u00c9TRON<\/h1>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:separator {\"backgroundColor\":\"lightgrey\"} -->\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-lightgrey-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-lightgrey-background-color has-background\"\/>\n<!-- \/wp:separator -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"style\":{\"elements\":{\"link\":{\"color\":{\"text\":\"var:preset|color|secondary\"}}},\"typography\":{\"fontStyle\":\"normal\",\"fontWeight\":\"600\"}},\"textColor\":\"secondary\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-secondary-color has-text-color has-link-color\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:600\">CONTACT : TIBERIU MINEA<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Bien que le plasma magn\u00e9tron soit largement utilis\u00e9 couramment comme outil technologique pour les rev\u00eatements de surfaces, la physique qui gouverne ces plasmas haute densit\u00e9 - basse pression est seulement partiellement comprise. Les difficult\u00e9s sont inh\u00e9rentes \u00e0 tous les plasmas dits <strong>E<\/strong>&nbsp;x&nbsp;<strong>B<\/strong>, qui sont produits dans des structures de champs \u00e9lectrique et magn\u00e9tique crois\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Cette d\u00e9charge est toujours \u00e9tudi\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re fondamentale depuis sa d\u00e9couverte il y a plus de&nbsp;50 ans. Les ions positifs du plasma sont acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9s vers la cathode (ou cible) entra\u00eenant la pulv\u00e9risation des atomes qui la composent. Ces derniers vont alors traverser le plasma et se d\u00e9poser vers l\u2019anode (ou substrat) cr\u00e9ant ainsi un d\u00e9p\u00f4t. La particularit\u00e9 du magn\u00e9tron est la faible pression de travail possible par l\u2019ajout d\u2019un champ magn\u00e9tique qui pi\u00e8ge efficacement les \u00e9lectrons augmentant de fait le taux d\u2019ionisation du gaz (en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral d\u2019Argon). L\u2019av\u00e8nement des nouvelles fa\u00e7ons de transmettre la puissance \u00e9lectrique au plasma, notamment par l\u2019application des impulsions de haute puissance (High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering - HiPIMS) a ouvert des nouveaux horizons et potentialit\u00e9s pour ces plasmas. Le plasma HiPIMS \u00e9largit consid\u00e9rablement les ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes \u00e0 explorer par l\u2019ajout d\u2019une dimension temporelle qui s\u00e9pare les phases d\u2019ionisation du gaz, de pulv\u00e9risation, et d\u2019ionisation de la mati\u00e8re pulv\u00e9ris\u00e9. Ainsi, les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s des films obtenus se trouvent am\u00e9lior\u00e9es [1].<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Le LPGP s\u2019att\u00e8le depuis de nombreuses ann\u00e9es \u00e0 la compr\u00e9hension des diff\u00e9rents m\u00e9canismes \u00e0 l\u2019\u0153uvre dans le magn\u00e9tron que ce soit au niveau du plasma ou du transport de la mati\u00e8re pulv\u00e9ris\u00e9e. L\u2019une des principales difficult\u00e9s r\u00e9side dans l\u2019inaccessibilit\u00e9 des mesures exp\u00e9rimentales au plus proche de la cathode, l\u00e0 o\u00f9 les champs \u00e9lectrique et magn\u00e9tique sont les plus intenses.&nbsp;Toutefois, les derni\u00e8res avanc\u00e9es r\u00e9alis\u00e9es par diffusion Thomson ont permis d\u2019apporter des \u00e9l\u00e9ments de r\u00e9ponse sur les instabilit\u00e9 pr\u00e9sentes dans cette r\u00e9gion, les d\u00e9rives des \u00e9lectrons et leur impact sur le comportement de la d\u00e9charge.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1) Nouveau Mode de fonctionnement des plasmas E x B<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Les \u00e9tudes men\u00e9es au LPGP sur les d\u00e9charges magn\u00e9tron impulsionnel haute puissance (HiPIMS pour High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering) ont accompagn\u00e9 le d\u00e9veloppement de ces d\u00e9charges depuis leur mise en \u0153uvre, dans les ann\u00e9es 2000. A pr\u00e9sent le magn\u00e9tron HiPIMS est devenu un outil versatile permettant non seulement d\u2019am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 des films d\u00e9pos\u00e9s, mais aussi de mieux contr\u00f4ler les conditions de croissance et d\u2019obtenir, dans certains cas, des arrangements atomiques quasi-parfaits, tels que la croissance epitaxi\u00e9e [2] (voir <em>Films ultra-minces<\/em>).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Suivant une approche&nbsp; -&nbsp; Physique des D\u00e9charges&nbsp; -&nbsp; on trouve le r\u00e9gime HiPIMS comme une extension du r\u00e9gime de d\u00e9charge luminescente anormale, \u00e0 la fois vers les hautes tensions et vers les forts courants. En effet, pour une tension typiquement 2 \u00e0 3 fois sup\u00e9rieure au fonctionnement conventionnel des d\u00e9charges magn\u00e9tron, le courant en mode HiPIMS est 100 \u00e0 1000 fois sup\u00e9rieur, mais avec un rapport cyclique de 100 \u00e0 1000, afin que la densit\u00e9 moyenne de courant sur la cathode (cible) soit \u00e9quivalente.&nbsp; Toutefois, cette extension reste relativement r\u00e9duite, car en essayant d\u2019augmenter la tension de fonctionnement et surtout la densit\u00e9 de courant (&gt; 10 A cm<sup>-2<\/sup>), la d\u00e9charge HiPIMS \u00e9volue in\u00e9vitablement vers l\u2019arc \u00e9lectrique. Cette transition est facilement identifiable par une chute brutale de la tension, simultan\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019augmentation du courant [3].&nbsp;<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Une question ouverte en physique des d\u00e9charges, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, est le fonctionnement d\u2019un plasma en mode luminescent, mais avec des densit\u00e9s de courant qui d\u00e9passent les <strong>10 A cm<sup>-2<\/sup><\/strong>.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Nous avons trouv\u00e9 les conditions pour un tel fonctionnement, parfaitement distinct du r\u00e9gime anormal, mais aussi du bien connu arc \u00e9lectrique. Ce r\u00e9gime est caract\u00e9ris\u00e9 par des tr\u00e8s fort courants, typique pour les arcs \u00e9lectriques (jusqu\u2019\u00e0 50 A cm<sup>-2<\/sup>), tout en pr\u00e9servant l\u2019op\u00e9ration en mode luminescent (\u2018glow\u2019), c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire sans formation de spots cathodiques, sans \u00e9jectas de particules, et surtout sans chute de la tension en de\u00e7\u00e0 de 100V.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Ce nouveau mode a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 Hyper Power Impulse Magnetron [4] (HyPIM glow discharge). En effet, en diminuant la tension de 2\/3 par rapport au HiPIMS, le courant de d\u00e9charge dans une m\u00eame configuration E x B de type magn\u00e9tron, le courant de d\u00e9charge augmente d\u2019un facteur 6 par rapport au mode HiPIMS couramment enregistr\u00e9. Clairement, ces points de fonctionnement se trouvent dans la r\u00e9gion typique de l\u2019arc \u00e9lectrique, comme le montre la figure ci-dessous (points bleu).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:group {\"align\":\"full\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"blockGap\":\"0\"}},\"layout\":{\"type\":\"constrained\"}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull\"><!-- wp:columns {\"verticalAlignment\":\"center\",\"align\":\"full\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"padding\":{\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\"},\"blockGap\":{\"top\":\"0\",\"left\":\"var:preset|spacing|x-small\"}}},\"backgroundColor\":\"light-background\"} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignfull are-vertically-aligned-center has-light-background-background-color has-background\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><!-- wp:column -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:column --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:columns -->\n\n<!-- wp:columns {\"align\":\"wide\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"padding\":{\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\"},\"blockGap\":{\"top\":\"0\",\"left\":\"var:preset|spacing|x-small\"}}},\"backgroundColor\":\"light-background\"} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignwide has-light-background-background-color has-background\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><!-- wp:column -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\"><!-- wp:image {\"id\":665,\"width\":\"1279px\",\"height\":\"auto\",\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img src=\"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/44b05832-9325-4ac2-a5aa-1c82545a39ac.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-665\" style=\"width:1279px;height:auto\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 1 - Les points bleu montre le fonctionnement<br> des d\u00e9charges luminescentes en configuration E x B dans la r\u00e9gion <br>historiquement correspondant aux arcs \u00e9lectriques [4].<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:column --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:columns -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Ce mode de fonctionnement a \u00e9t\u00e9 v\u00e9rifi\u00e9 avec trois mat\u00e9riaux cible (carbone (C), molybd\u00e8ne (Mo) et tungst\u00e8ne (W)) sous atmosph\u00e8re d'h\u00e9lium 10-30 Pa. Deux conditions critiques ont \u00e9t\u00e9 identifi\u00e9es comme n\u00e9cessaires pour atteindre le mode HyPIM&nbsp;:<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:list -->\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>la tension de d\u00e9charge doit \u00eatre limit\u00e9e<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item -->\n\n<!-- wp:list-item -->\n<li>un faible courant de pr\u00e9-ionisation est indispensable avant l\u2019application de l\u2019impulsion.<\/li>\n<!-- \/wp:list-item --><\/ul>\n<!-- \/wp:list -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":666,\"width\":\"1138px\",\"height\":\"auto\",\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img src=\"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/0617cd05-9634-41e4-b653-a919b8b6c014.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-666\" style=\"width:1138px;height:auto\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong><em>Figure 2 <\/em><\/strong><em>- D\u00e9charge luminescente en mode HyPIM, avec une densit\u00e9 de courant de 30&nbsp;A cm<sup>-2<\/sup>.<\/em><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group -->\n\n<!-- wp:group {\"align\":\"full\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"blockGap\":\"0\"}},\"layout\":{\"type\":\"constrained\"}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull\"><!-- wp:columns {\"verticalAlignment\":\"center\",\"align\":\"full\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"padding\":{\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\"},\"blockGap\":{\"top\":\"0\",\"left\":\"var:preset|spacing|x-small\"}}},\"backgroundColor\":\"light-background\"} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns alignfull are-vertically-aligned-center has-light-background-background-color has-background\" style=\"padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><!-- wp:column -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-column\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:column --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:columns -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>2) Diagnostic des plasmas magn\u00e9tron et des instabilit\u00e9s<\/em><\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Le diagnostic des plasmas magn\u00e9tron et mode impulsionnel exige \u00e0 la fois une r\u00e9solution temporelle (&lt; 1 \u00b5s) et spatiale impos\u00e9e par les forts gradients de champs (\u00e9lectrique et magn\u00e9tique) qui r\u00e9gissent le transport et l\u2019ionisation des esp\u00e8ces dans une r\u00e9gion localis\u00e9e devant la cathode, dite zone d\u2019ionisation.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Les techniques de diagnostic avanc\u00e9es utilisant les lasers et la spectroscopie r\u00e9pondent \u00e0 ces exigences. Les diodes laser solides ont une finesse de raie telle qu\u2019il est possible de discerner le profil spectral des raies sond\u00e9es. Ainsi, pour des particules \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques, telles que celles issues de la cible lors de la pulv\u00e9risation, il est ais\u00e9 de mesurer la densit\u00e9 et leur vitesse obtenue \u00e0 partir de l\u2019\u00e9largissement Doppler, donc de mesurer les flux de ces esp\u00e8ces. Suivant la longueur d\u2019onde, ces techniques d\u2019absorption laser ou de fluorescence induite par laser peuvent renseigner sur le comportement du gaz plasmag\u00e8ne, des \u00e9tats excit\u00e9s (notamment m\u00e9tastables), des ions, des neutres pulv\u00e9ris\u00e9s, ou encore des ions du mat\u00e9riau cible form\u00e9s apr\u00e8s leur passage dans la zone d\u2019ionisation. La pr\u00e9cision de ces mesures a permis d\u2019\u00e9valuer les sections efficaces d\u2019interaction m\u00e9tal-gaz (e.g. Titane \u2013 Argon) dans un magn\u00e9tron [5].<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading {\"level\":4} -->\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><em>Diffusion Thomson &nbsp;- mesure de la densit\u00e9 et de la d\u00e9rive des \u00e9lectrons ainsi que des instabilit\u00e9s du plasma HiPIMS<\/em><\/h4>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>La connaissance pr\u00e9cise de la densit\u00e9 \u00e9lectronique locale dans les pi\u00e8ges magn\u00e9tiques est tr\u00e8s importante pour comprendre le comportement des plasmas confin\u00e9s, tel le plasma magn\u00e9tron. Le seul diagnostic non-intrusif semble \u00eatre la diffusion Thomson qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 employ\u00e9e avec succ\u00e8s pour la mesure de la densit\u00e9 et de la temp\u00e9rature des \u00e9lectrons dans le pi\u00e8ge magn\u00e9tique des plasmas E x B. [6] De plus, cette technique est suffisamment r\u00e9solue en temps pour suivre l\u2019\u00e9volution des param\u00e8tre \u00e9lectroniques dans les d\u00e9charges HiPIMS. Elle permet aussi de mesurer la vitesse et le sens de d\u00e9rive des \u00e9lectrons, en diff\u00e9rents r\u00e9gimes de d\u00e9charge et apporte un \u00e9clairage nouveau sur les plasmas magn\u00e9tis\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":667,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\",\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img src=\"http:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/31c716b8-7bdf-4528-8e91-b69ab7a6e82f.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-667\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><strong>Figure 3<\/strong> -Densit\u00e9 (bleu) et temp\u00e9rature (orange) \u00e9lectronique mesur\u00e9es \u00e0 diff\u00e9rents instants pendant les 60 \u00b5s de dur\u00e9e de pulse. Le profil du courant HiPIMS est report\u00e9.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:group {\"align\":\"full\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"blockGap\":\"0\"}},\"layout\":{\"type\":\"constrained\"}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-group alignfull\"><!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>De plus, la diffusion Thomson, cette fois-ci coh\u00e9rente, a permis d\u2019identifier un comportement similaire \u00e0 celui mod\u00e9lis\u00e9 par PIC-MCC avec l\u2019approche<em> Pseudo-3D&nbsp;<\/em>[7]. Un pic de fr\u00e9quence est obtenu par transform\u00e9e de Fourier du signal \u2013 mesur\u00e9 ou calcul\u00e9 pour la densit\u00e9 \u00e9lectronique \u2013 dans la gamme des MHz (la pulsation plasma est dans la gamme des GHz). Ces fluctuations sont orient\u00e9es en direction normale \u00e0 la cathode (voir figure 4). La mod\u00e9lisation montre des gerbes d\u2019\u00e9lectrons en direction normale, contribuant au d\u00e9confinement du plasma. Une autre direction, presque parall\u00e8le \u00e0 la cathode montre une grande amplitude des fluctuations \u00e9lectroniques, correspondant \u00e0 la d\u00e9rive des \u00e9lectrons. [8]<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":668,\"width\":\"714px\",\"height\":\"auto\",\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\",\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img src=\"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/db624746-581f-4e0d-86f9-9a0e6119ee1e.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-668\" style=\"width:714px;height:auto\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em><em><em><strong>Figure 4<\/strong>. R\u00e9sultats de diffusion Thomson collective (a) amplitude et (b) fr\u00e9quence en fonction de l\u2019orientation angulaire dans le plan (<strong>E<\/strong>,&nbsp;<strong>E<\/strong>&nbsp;x&nbsp;<strong>B<\/strong>). O repr\u00e9sente le centre de la cathode. DC&nbsp;:&nbsp;U<sub>cath<\/sub>&nbsp;= 370 V,&nbsp;I&nbsp;= 0.4 A; le nombre d\u2019onde&nbsp;&nbsp;k&nbsp;= 5600 rad\/m.<sup>5<\/sup><\/em><\/em><\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>[1] <a href=\"https:\/\/www-elsevier-com.ezproxy.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/books\/high-power-impulse-magnetron-sputtering\/lundin\/978-0-12-812454-3\">Daniel Lundin, Tiberiu Minea, Jon Tomas Gudmundsson, Editors \u2013 High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering: Fundamentals, Technologies, Challenges and Applications - 1st Edition, ISBN: 9780128124543, Elsevier, 2019<\/a><br>[2] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tsf.2019.05.054\">F. Cemin, G. Abadias, T. Minea, D. Lundin,&nbsp;Tuning HiPIMS discharge and substrate bias conditions to reduce the intrinsic stress of TiN thin films,&nbsp;Thin Solid Films 688 (2019) 137335<\/a><br>[3] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6595\/ac3341\">E. Morel, Y. Rozier, Ch. Ballages, R. Bazinette, T. Forchard, C. Creusot, A. Girodet, T. Minea, Behavior of high current density pulsed magnetron discharge with carbon target, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 30 (2021) 125001<\/a><br>[4] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1209\/0295-5075\/ac2e2b\">E. Morel, T. Minea, Y. Rozier, Hyper Power Impulse Magnetron - HyPIM -glow discharge, Euro. Phys. Lett. (EPL) 138 (2022) 24001<\/a><br>[5] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6595\/aadebe\">A. Revel, T. Minea, C. Costin,. 2D PIC-MCC simulations of magnetron plasma in HiPIMS regime with external circuit, 2018, PSST, 27, 105009.<\/a><br>[6] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6595\/ab0c67\">S. Tsikata, B. Vincent, C. Ballage, A. Revel, and T. Minea, Time-resolved electron properties of a HiPIMS argon discharge via incoherent Thomson scattering, 2019 Plasma Sources Sci. &amp;Technol. 28(3) (2019) 03LT02<\/a><br>[5] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6595\/abefa8\">M. Rudolph, A. Revel, D. Lundin, H. Hajihoseini, N. Brenning, M. Raadu, A. Anders, T. Minea, JT Gudmundsson, On the electron energy distribution function in the high power impulse magnetron sputtering discharge, 2021 Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 30, 045011<\/a><br>[6] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6595\/ac352b\">A. Revel et. al.Transition from ballistic to thermalized transport of metal-sputtered species in a DC magnetron, 2021, PSST, 30, 125005.<\/a><br>[7] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063\/1.4964480\">A. Revel, T. Minea, and S. Tsikata Pseudo-3D PIC modeling of drift-induced spatial inhomogeneities in planar magnetron plasmas 2016 Phys. Plasmas 23, 100701<\/a><br>[8] <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.114.185001\">S. Tsikata and T. Minea, Modulated Electron Cyclotron Drift Instability in a High-Power Pulsed Magnetron Discharge, 2015 Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 185001<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group -->\n\n<!-- wp:group {\"tagName\":\"main\",\"metadata\":{\"categories\":[\"featured\"],\"patternName\":\"inspiro\/section-with-text\",\"name\":\"Section with text\"},\"align\":\"full\",\"className\":\"site-content\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"margin\":{\"top\":\"0\"},\"padding\":{\"top\":\"var:preset|spacing|x-large\",\"bottom\":\"var:preset|spacing|x-large\"}}},\"backgroundColor\":\"primary\",\"layout\":{\"inherit\":true,\"type\":\"constrained\"}} -->\n<main class=\"wp-block-group alignfull site-content has-primary-background-color has-background\" style=\"margin-top:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--x-large);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--x-large)\"><!-- wp:group {\"className\":\"is-style-default\",\"layout\":{\"type\":\"default\"}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-default\"><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"32px\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:32px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:columns -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns\"><!-- wp:column {\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"padding\":{\"top\":\"0px\",\"right\":\"0px\",\"bottom\":\"0px\",\"left\":\"0px\"}},\"border\":{\"width\":\"0px\",\"style\":\"none\"},\"elements\":{\"link\":{\"color\":{\"text\":\"var:preset|color|white\"}}}},\"textColor\":\"white\"} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px\"><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"textColor\":\"white\"} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-white-color has-text-color\">Laboratoire de Physique des Gaz et des Plasmas<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"textColor\":\"lightgrey\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-lightgrey-color has-text-color\">Bat 210, rue Henri Becquerel<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph 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