	
{"id":644,"date":"2024-09-24T08:15:36","date_gmt":"2024-09-24T08:15:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/?page_id=644"},"modified":"2024-11-12T15:33:46","modified_gmt":"2024-11-12T15:33:46","slug":"modelisation-numerique-de-la-formation-dun-faisceau-de-particules-a-haute-energie-100-kev-1-mev-pour-iter-le-cern","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/fr\/modelisation-numerique-de-la-formation-dun-faisceau-de-particules-a-haute-energie-100-kev-1-mev-pour-iter-le-cern\/","title":{"rendered":"Mod\u00e9lisation num\u00e9rique de la formation d&rsquo;un faisceau de particules \u00e0 haute \u00e9nergie (100 keV &#8211; 1 MeV) pour ITER &amp; le CERN"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:300\">MOD\u00c9LISATION NUM\u00c9RIQUE DE LA FORMATION D&rsquo;UN FAISCEAU DE PARTICULES A HAUTE \u00c9NERGIE (100 keV &#8211; 1 MeV) POUR ITER &amp; LE CERN<\/h1>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-lightgrey-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-lightgrey-background-color has-background\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-default has-light-background-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"padding-top:60px;padding-bottom:60px;padding-left:0\">\n<p class=\"has-secondary-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3c379ef02c4cbc8f4c070f636ef1b663\"><strong>CONTACT&nbsp;: ADRIEN REVEL &amp; TIBERIU MINEA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Application \u00e0 l\u2019Injecteur de Neutres (IdN) pour ITER<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">L\u2019\u00e9quipe \u2018Th\u00e9orie et Mod\u00e9lisation des Plasmas &#8211; D\u00e9charges et Surfaces\u2019 (TMP-D&amp;S) travaille depuis une dizaine d\u2019ann\u00e9es sur la mod\u00e9lisation de certains sous-ensembles du projet ITER, et plus r\u00e9cemment avec des perspectives pour la future installation DEMO. Il s\u2019agit du d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019un ensemble de trois mod\u00e8les (un prot\u00e9g\u00e9 sous licence CNRS, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, CEA) qui mod\u00e9lise en trois dimensions (3D) d\u2019espace et 3D dans l\u2019espace des vitesses sur dix m\u00e8tres environ. Ces mod\u00e8les d\u00e9crivent num\u00e9riquement la propagation du faisceau de particules \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques dans l\u2019Injecteur de Neutres (IDN) pour le chauffage des esp\u00e8ces lourdes du plasma de c\u0153ur d\u2019ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor). Les r\u00e9sultats renseignent sur les m\u00e9canismes physico-chimiques dans l\u2019IDN et les comparaisons avec des r\u00e9sultats exp\u00e9rimentaux (Max Planck \u2013 IPP, Garching, Allemagne) ont permis la validation du mod\u00e8le d\u2019extraction d\u2019ions n\u00e9gatifs (ONIX). Ce projet de grande envergure a mobilis\u00e9 plusieurs personnes de l\u2019\u00e9quipe et sa r\u00e9alisation a \u00e9t\u00e9 possible gr\u00e2ce aux projets Europ\u00e9ens (F4E \u2013 Fusion for Energy, EURATOM, EFDA), FR-FCM : F\u00e9d\u00e9ration de Recherche sur la Fusion Contr\u00f4l\u00e9e Magn\u00e9tique &#8211; CEA \/CNRS, la collaboration bilat\u00e9rale LPGP(CNRS, France)\/IPP(Max Planck, Allemagne), l\u2019ANR ITER-NIS et l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, l\u2019IDN doit fournir non seulement une partie de l\u2019\u00e9nergie du plasma de c\u0153ur de fusion, particuli\u00e8rement aux esp\u00e8ces lourdes (hydrog\u00e8ne et ses isotopes), mais \u00e9galement transf\u00e9rer du moment cin\u00e9tique (\u2018current drive\u2019 \u2013 en anglais) ce qui devrait permettre de travailler dans les modes de confinement avanc\u00e9s (H-modes). Le sch\u00e9ma d\u2019ensemble de l\u2019IDN est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 sur la Figure 1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"524\" height=\"266\" src=\"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/b51ec757-9e95-4a6b-87f4-c3aeb5f9209e-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-649\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/b51ec757-9e95-4a6b-87f4-c3aeb5f9209e-1.png 524w, https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/b51ec757-9e95-4a6b-87f4-c3aeb5f9209e-1-300x152.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 524px) 100vw, 524px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 1 \u2013 Sch\u00e9ma de principe de l\u2019Injecteur de Neutres pour ITER<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Trois codes particulaires (Particle-In-Cell Monte Carlo Collision : PIC-MCC) 3D ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9s pour trois r\u00e9gions sp\u00e9cifiques de l\u2019IdN.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-style-default is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> ONIX (Orsay Negative Ion eXtraction)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ce mod\u00e8le num\u00e9rique simule l\u2019extraction d\u2019ions n\u00e9gatifs (IN) d\u2019un plasma \u00e9lectron\u00e9gatif (hydrog\u00e8ne ou d\u00e9ut\u00e9rium) \u00e0 travers une aperture (diam\u00e8tre typique 14 mm) par des forts champs \u00e9lectriques (~1 kV\/mm). ONIX prend en compte les deux m\u00e9canismes de production d\u2019ions n\u00e9gatifs \u2013 en volume et par attachement \u00e9lectronique \u00e0 la surface de la grille plasma.<br>L\u2019extraction d\u2019IN des plasmas \u00e9lectron\u00e9gatifs est une probl\u00e9matique d\u2019importance en physique des plasmas. Particuli\u00e8rement, si le courant recherch\u00e9 doit \u00eatre fort (plusieurs Amp\u00e8res) l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 de l\u2019extraction d\u2019INs devient cruciale, comme c\u2019est le cas pour le bon fonctionnement de l\u2019IdN qui devra fournir au plasma de fusion d\u2019ITER 2&#215;35 MW.<br>Les r\u00e9sultats num\u00e9riques r\u00e9cents montrent un tr\u00e8s bon accord avec les mesures exp\u00e9rimentales, \u00e0 la fois pour le courant d\u2019ions n\u00e9gatifs extrait du plasma et pour le courant d&rsquo;\u00e9lectrons co-extrait. L&rsquo;approche particulaire utilis\u00e9e pour ONIX a \u00e9t\u00e9 test\u00e9e pour des plasmas de densit\u00e9 (~1018 m-3) \u00e0 l\u2019aide des calculs massivement parall\u00e8les (4096 CPUs &#8211; IPP) et valid\u00e9e par la confrontation \u00e0 l\u2019exp\u00e9rience, notamment sur l\u2019installation prototype (\u00e9chelle r\u00e9duite 1\/8 de ITER) BATMAN du IPP (Institut f\u00fcr PlasmaPhysik, Garching, Allemagne). Une collaboration bilat\u00e9rale LPGP\/IPP (Prof. U. Fantz) a \u00e9t\u00e9 mise en place depuis 2012.<br>Ces r\u00e9sultats indiquent sans ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 le besoin d\u2019un mod\u00e8le tridimensionnel exig\u00e9 par le filtre magn\u00e9tique obtenu par la superposition de deux configurations magn\u00e9tiques orthogonales. ONIX permet \u00e9galement de d\u00e9crire la distribution 3D de la charge d\u2019espace qui se forme devant la grille plasma et qui influe directement les trajectoires des INs extraits. De plus, il pr\u00e9dit les aberrations du faisceau en formation qui se propagent et s\u2019accentue par la suite dans l\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9rateur.<br>A titre d\u2019exemple la Fig. 2 montre les courants extraits d\u2019ions n\u00e9gatifs pour le cas standard, en fonction de la localisation d\u2019origine des ions (<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0029-5515\/56\/10\/106025\">S. Mochalskyy, D. W\u00fcnderlich, U. Fantz, P. Franzen, T. Minea. Comparison of ONIX Simulation Results and Experimental Data from the BATMAN testbed for Study of Negative Ion Extraction, 2016 Nucl. Fusion 56, 106025; doi:10.1088\/0029-5515\/56\/10\/106025<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:74px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-style-default is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ONAC (Orsay Negative ion ACcelerator)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ce mod\u00e8le se focalise sur la partie \u00ab&nbsp;acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration&nbsp;\u00bb de l\u2019IdN. Les ions n\u00e9gatifs extraits de la source ainsi que les \u00e9lectrons co-extraits sont soumis \u00e0 un puissant champ \u00e9lectrique (1 MV \u2013 50 cm). Un champ magn\u00e9tique est ajout\u00e9 afin de d\u00e9vier les \u00e9lectrons co-extraits. ONAC est un code 3D PIC-MCC qui mod\u00e9lise les trajectoires des particules extraites de la source jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la fin de l\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9rateur (<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0029-5515\/53\/7\/073027\">A. Revel, S. Mochalskyy, L. Caillault, A. Lifschitz, T. Minea. Transport of realistic beams in ITER neutral beam injector accelerator, 2013 Nucl. Fusion 53, 073027, doi&nbsp;:10.1088\/0029-5515\/53\/7\/073027<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:74px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-style-default is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">OBI (Orsay Beam Injector)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Le mod\u00e8le OBI \u00e9tudie la neutralisation des ions n\u00e9gatifs acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9s par collision avec un gaz. Ces collisions entrainent l\u2019apparition d\u2019un plasma qui devient plus dense que le faisceau d\u2019ions n\u00e9gatifs. Cela permet d\u2019\u00e9cranter la r\u00e9pulsion coulombienne du faisceau et ainsi de grandement r\u00e9duire sa divergence.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div id=\"team\" class=\"wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div style=\"height:74px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Application la source Linac4 du CERN<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:47px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:0px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-style-default is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-style-default\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"768\" height=\"335\" src=\"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/318e3242-a31a-4cab-97bc-e566364da4ad.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-646\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/318e3242-a31a-4cab-97bc-e566364da4ad.png 768w, https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/318e3242-a31a-4cab-97bc-e566364da4ad-300x131.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 2 &#8211; (gauche) Courant d\u2019ions n\u00e9gatifs extraits pr\u00e9dit par le mod\u00e8le OBI3. (droite) Courant d\u2019ions n\u00e9gatifs mesur\u00e9 au CERN.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Le mod\u00e8le ONIX a \u00e9t\u00e9 adapt\u00e9 pour d\u00e9crire l\u2019extraction d\u2019ions n\u00e9gatifs de la source plasma de tr\u00e8s haute densit\u00e9 (degr\u00e9 d\u2019ionisation &gt; 50%) du CERN,en vue de leur injection dans le nouvel acc\u00e9l\u00e9rateur lin\u00e9aire Linac4 (S. Mochalskyy, J. Lettry, T. Minea, S. Mattei, \u00d8. Midttun, Study of the different Cs conditioning states of the Linac4 negative hydrogen ion source by 3D PIC-MCC numerical simulations using ONIX code, NIBS 2014 \u2013 4th International Symposium on Negative Ions, Beams and Sources, October 6 \u201310; Garching, Germany). Notons que la pr\u00e9diction d\u2019ONIX r\u00e9alis\u00e9e en 2012, bien avant l\u2019ach\u00e8vement de la construction de la source CERN, a \u00e9t\u00e9 confirm\u00e9e en novembre 2013 lors des premi\u00e8res mesures exp\u00e9rimentales conduites par le Prof. J. Lettry, comme le montre la Fig. 5 (<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1367-2630\/18\/8\/085011\">S. Mochalskyy, J. Lettry, T. Minea, Beam formation in cesiated surfaces and volume accelerator ion-source 2016 New Journal Phys. 18 085011; doi:10.1088\/1367-2630\/18\/8\/085011<\/a>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<main class=\"wp-block-group alignfull site-content has-primary-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\" style=\"margin-top:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--x-large);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--x-large)\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-default is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div style=\"height:32px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-5 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div 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style=\"width:114px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/LOGO_CNRS_BLANC-1024x1024.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/LOGO_CNRS_BLANC-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/LOGO_CNRS_BLANC-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/LOGO_CNRS_BLANC.png 2000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"712\" height=\"320\" src=\"http:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Logotype-UPSaclay_BLANC.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-535\" style=\"width:223px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Logotype-UPSaclay_BLANC.png 712w, https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Logotype-UPSaclay_BLANC-300x135.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 712px) 100vw, 712px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/main>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>MOD\u00c9LISATION NUM\u00c9RIQUE DE LA FORMATION D&rsquo;UN FAISCEAU DE PARTICULES A HAUTE \u00c9NERGIE (100 keV &#8211; 1 MeV) POUR ITER &amp; LE CERN CONTACT&nbsp;: ADRIEN REVEL &amp; TIBERIU MINEA 1. Application \u00e0 l\u2019Injecteur de Neutres (IdN) pour ITER L\u2019\u00e9quipe \u2018Th\u00e9orie et Mod\u00e9lisation des Plasmas &#8211; D\u00e9charges et Surfaces\u2019 (TMP-D&amp;S) travaille depuis une dizaine d\u2019ann\u00e9es sur la &hellip; <\/p>\n<p class=\"link-more\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.lpgp-wp1.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/fr\/modelisation-numerique-de-la-formation-dun-faisceau-de-particules-a-haute-energie-100-kev-1-mev-pour-iter-le-cern\/\" class=\"more-link\">Lire la suite de<span class=\"screen-reader-text\">\u00ab\u00a0Mod\u00e9lisation num\u00e9rique de la formation d&rsquo;un faisceau de particules \u00e0 haute \u00e9nergie (100 keV &#8211; 1 MeV) pour ITER &amp; le CERN\u00a0\u00bb<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_en_post_content":"<!-- wp:heading {\"textAlign\":\"center\",\"level\":1,\"style\":{\"typography\":{\"fontStyle\":\"normal\",\"fontWeight\":\"300\"}}} -->\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:300\">Numerical modelling of the formation of a high-energy particle beam (100 keV - 1 MeV) for ITER &amp; CERN<\/h1>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:separator {\"backgroundColor\":\"lightgrey\"} -->\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-lightgrey-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-lightgrey-background-color has-background\"\/>\n<!-- \/wp:separator -->\n\n<!-- wp:group {\"className\":\"is-style-default\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"padding\":{\"top\":\"60px\",\"left\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"60px\"}}},\"backgroundColor\":\"light-background\",\"layout\":{\"type\":\"constrained\"}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-default has-light-background-background-color has-background\" style=\"padding-top:60px;padding-bottom:60px;padding-left:0\"><!-- wp:paragraph {\"style\":{\"elements\":{\"link\":{\"color\":{\"text\":\"var:preset|color|secondary\"}}}},\"textColor\":\"secondary\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-secondary-color has-text-color has-link-color\"><strong>CONTACT&nbsp;: ADRIEN REVEL &amp; TIBERIU MINEA<\/strong><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. 1. Application to the Neutrals Injector (IdN) for ITER<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"align\":\"left\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">The 'Theory and Modeling of Plasmas - Discharges and Surfaces' (TMP-D&amp;S) team has been working for around ten years on modelling certain sub-assemblies of the ITER project and, more recently, with prospects for the future DEMO fusion device. This involved the development of three models (one protected under licence from the CNRS, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay and CEA). All these models are in three dimensions (3D) in space and 3D in velocity space over a distance of around ten meters, all together. They numerically describe the propagation of the energetic particle in the Neutral Beam Injector (NBI) for heating the heavy species of the ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) core plasma. The results provide information on the physico-chemical mechanisms in the NBI, and comparisons with experimental results (Max Planck Institut f\u00fcr Plasmaphysik - IPP, Garching, Germany) have enabled the negative ion extraction model (ONIX) to be validated. This large-scale project involved several members of the team. It was made possible by European support (F4E - Fusion for Energy, EURATOM, EFDA), FR-FCM: French federation for magnetically controlled fusion - CEA \/CNRS, and particularly the bilateral collaboration between LPGP(CNRS, France) and IPP (Max Planck, Germany). Other support came from the National Research Agency (ANR ITER-NIS) and the University of Paris-Saclay.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>More specifically, the NBI must not only supply part of the energy of the fusion core plasma, particularly to the heavy species (hydrogen and its isotopes), but also transfer current drive, which should make tokamak plasma to operate in advanced confinement modes (H-modes). The overall diagram of the NBI is shown in Figure 1.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":649,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\",\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/b51ec757-9e95-4a6b-87f4-c3aeb5f9209e-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-649\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 1 \u2013 Schematic diagram of the Neutral Beam Injector (NBI) for ITER<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group -->\n\n<!-- wp:group {\"layout\":{\"type\":\"constrained\"}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><!-- wp:group {\"layout\":{\"type\":\"default\"}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><!-- wp:heading {\"textAlign\":\"center\"} -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Three 3D particle codes (Particle-In-Cell Monte Carlo Collision: PIC-MCC) were produced for three specific regions of the NBI: Extraction, Acceleration, and Neutralizer (Figure 1).<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer -->\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:columns -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns\"><!-- wp:column {\"className\":\"is-style-default\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"padding\":{\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\"}},\"border\":{\"width\":\"0px\",\"style\":\"none\"}}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-style-default\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ONIX (Orsay Negative Ion eXtraction)<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>This numerical model simulates the extraction of negative ions (NI) from an electronegative plasma (hydrogen or deuterium) through an aperture (typical diameter 14 mm) by high electric fields (~1 kV\/mm). ONIX considers both mechanisms of negative ion production - in volume and by electronic attachment to the surface of the plasma grid.<br>The extraction of NIs from electronegative plasmas is an important issue in plasma physics. In particular, if the current required is high (several amperes), the efficiency of the extraction of NIs becomes crucial, as is the case for the correct operation of the NBI that will have to supply the fusion plasma of ITER with 2x35 MW.<br>Recent numerical results show very good agreement with experimental measurements, for both the negative ion current extracted from the plasma and the co-extracted electron current. The particle approach used for ONIX has been tested for density plasmas (~10<sup>18<\/sup> m<sup>-3<\/sup>) using massively parallel calculations (4096 CPUs - IPP) and validated by comparison with experiments, in particular on the prototype installation (reduced scale 1\/8 of ITER) BATMAN of the IPP (Garching, Germany). A bilateral collaboration between LPGP and IPP (Prof. U. Fantz) has started since 2012.<br>These results clearly indicate the need for a three-dimensional model required by the magnetic filter composed by superimposing two orthogonal magnetic configurations. ONIX can also be used to describe the 3D distribution of the space charge that forms in front of the plasma grid and directly influences the trajectories of the extracted NIs. In addition, it predicts the aberrations of the beam being formed, which propagate and subsequently become accentuated in the accelerator.<br>As an example, Fig. 2 shows the extracted negative ion currents for the standard case, as a function of the original location of the ions <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"style\":{\"elements\":{\"link\":{\"color\":{\"text\":\"var:preset|color|secondary\"}}}},\"textColor\":\"secondary\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-secondary-color has-text-color has-link-color\">(<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0029-5515\/56\/10\/106025\">S. Mochalskyy, D. W\u00fcnderlich, U. Fantz, P. Franzen, T. Minea. Comparison of ONIX Simulation Results and Experimental Data from the BATMAN test bed for Study of Negative Ion Extraction, 2016 Nucl. Fusion 56, 106025; doi:10.1088\/0029-5515\/56\/10\/106025<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6595\/ac9a6d\">M. Lindqvist, D. W\u00fcnderlich, A. Mimo, S. Mochalskyy, A. Revel, T. Minea, U. Fantz, Sensitivity of the negative ion beam extraction to initial plasma parameters by 3D particle modeling, Plasma Sources Sci. Technol. 31 (2022) 125001; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1361-6595\/ac9a6d).<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"74px\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:74px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:column --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:columns -->\n\n<!-- wp:columns -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns\"><!-- wp:column {\"className\":\"is-style-default\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"padding\":{\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\"}},\"border\":{\"width\":\"0px\",\"style\":\"none\"}}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-style-default\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ONAC (Orsay Negative ion ACcelerator)<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>This model focuses on the \"acceleration\" part of the NBI. The negative ions extracted from the source and the co-extracted electrons are subjected to a powerful electric field (1 MV - 50 cm). A magnetic field is added to deflect the undesired co-extracted electrons. ONAC is a 3D PIC-MCC code that models the trajectories of the particles extracted from the source until the end of the accelerator. <\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"style\":{\"elements\":{\"link\":{\"color\":{\"text\":\"var:preset|color|secondary\"}}}},\"textColor\":\"secondary\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-secondary-color has-text-color has-link-color\">(<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0029-5515\/53\/7\/073027\">A. Revel, S. Mochalskyy, L. Caillault, A. Lifschitz, T. Minea. Transport of realistic beams in ITER neutral beam injector accelerator, 2013 Nucl. Fusion 53, 073027, doi&nbsp;:10.1088\/0029-5515\/53\/7\/073027<\/a>), <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-4326\/ac9c6f\">M. Lindqvist, N. den Harder, A. Revel, S. Mochalskyy, A. Mimo, R. Nocentini, T. Minea, U. Fantz, From meniscus formation to accelerated H- beam: coupling of 3D-PIC and ion-optics simulations, Nucl. Fusion 62 (2022) 126068;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1741-4326\/ac9c6f<\/a>).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"74px\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:74px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:column --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:columns -->\n\n<!-- wp:columns -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns\"><!-- wp:column {\"className\":\"is-style-default\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"padding\":{\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\"}},\"border\":{\"width\":\"0px\",\"style\":\"none\"}}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-style-default\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">OBI (Orsay Beam Injector)<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The OBI model studies the neutralisation of negative ions accelerated by collision with a gaseous target. These collisions create a cold but denser plasma than the negative ion beam. This plasma screens the coulombian repulsion beween the beam's particles, greatly reducing its divergence.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:column --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:columns --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group -->\n\n<!-- wp:group {\"layout\":{\"type\":\"constrained\"}} -->\n<div id=\"team\" class=\"wp-block-group\"><!-- wp:group {\"layout\":{\"type\":\"default\"}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"74px\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:74px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Application to the Linac4 source of CERN<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"47px\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:47px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"0px\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:0px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:columns -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns\"><!-- wp:column {\"className\":\"is-style-default\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"padding\":{\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\"}},\"border\":{\"width\":\"0px\",\"style\":\"none\"}}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-style-default\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><!-- wp:image {\"id\":646,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\",\"className\":\"is-style-default\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-style-default\"><img src=\"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/318e3242-a31a-4cab-97bc-e566364da4ad.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-646\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 2 - (left) Extracted negative ion current predicted by the OBI3 model. (right) Negative ion current measured at CERN.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>The ONIX model has been adapted to describe the extraction of negative ions from CERN's very high density plasma source (degree of ionisation &gt; 50%) for injection into the new Linac4 linear accelerator (S. Mochalskyy, J. Lettry, T. Minea, S. Mattei, \u00d8. Midttun, Study of the different Cs conditioning states of the Linac4 negative hydrogen ion source by 3D PIC-MCC numerical simulations using ONIX code, NIBS 2014 - 4th International Symposium on Negative Ions, Beams and Sources, October 6 -10; Garching, Germany). It should be noted that the ONIX prediction made in 2012, well before construction of the CERN source was completed, was confirmed in November 2013 during the first experimental measurements conducted by Prof. J. Lettry, as shown in Fig. 5.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"style\":{\"elements\":{\"link\":{\"color\":{\"text\":\"var:preset|color|secondary\"}}}},\"textColor\":\"secondary\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-secondary-color has-text-color has-link-color\"> (<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1367-2630\/18\/8\/085011\">S. Mochalskyy, J. Lettry, T. Minea, Beam formation in cesiated surfaces and volume accelerator ion-source 2016 New Journal Phys. 18 085011; doi:10.1088\/1367-2630\/18\/8\/085011<\/a>).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:column --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:columns -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer -->\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"50px\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:group {\"tagName\":\"main\",\"metadata\":{\"categories\":[\"featured\"],\"patternName\":\"inspiro\/section-with-text\",\"name\":\"Section with text\"},\"align\":\"full\",\"className\":\"site-content\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"margin\":{\"top\":\"0\"},\"padding\":{\"top\":\"var:preset|spacing|x-large\",\"bottom\":\"var:preset|spacing|x-large\"}}},\"backgroundColor\":\"primary\",\"layout\":{\"inherit\":true,\"type\":\"constrained\"}} -->\n<main class=\"wp-block-group alignfull site-content has-primary-background-color has-background\" style=\"margin-top:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--x-large);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--x-large)\"><!-- wp:group {\"className\":\"is-style-default\",\"layout\":{\"type\":\"default\"}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-default\"><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"32px\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:32px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:columns -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns\"><!-- wp:column {\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"padding\":{\"top\":\"0px\",\"right\":\"0px\",\"bottom\":\"0px\",\"left\":\"0px\"}},\"border\":{\"width\":\"0px\",\"style\":\"none\"},\"elements\":{\"link\":{\"color\":{\"text\":\"var:preset|color|white\"}}}},\"textColor\":\"white\"} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px\"><!-- wp:heading {\"level\":3,\"textColor\":\"white\"} -->\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-white-color has-text-color\">Laboratoire de Physique des Gaz et des Plasmas<\/h3>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"textColor\":\"lightgrey\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-lightgrey-color has-text-color\">Bat 210, rue Henri Becquerel<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"style\":{\"elements\":{\"link\":{\"color\":{\"text\":\"var:preset|color|lightgrey\"}}}},\"textColor\":\"lightgrey\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-lightgrey-color 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style=\"width:114px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":535,\"width\":\"223px\",\"height\":\"auto\",\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-resized\"><img src=\"http:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/Logotype-UPSaclay_BLANC.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-535\" style=\"width:223px;height:auto\"\/><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:column --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:columns --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group --><\/main>\n<!-- \/wp:group -->","_en_post_name":"","_en_post_excerpt":"","_en_post_title":"Numerical modelling of the formation of a high-energy particle beam (100 keV - 1 MeV) for ITER &amp; CERN","_fr_post_content":"<!-- wp:heading {\"textAlign\":\"center\",\"level\":1,\"style\":{\"typography\":{\"fontStyle\":\"normal\",\"fontWeight\":\"300\"}}} -->\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:300\">MOD\u00c9LISATION NUM\u00c9RIQUE DE LA FORMATION D'UN FAISCEAU DE PARTICULES A HAUTE \u00c9NERGIE (100 keV - 1 MeV) POUR ITER &amp; LE CERN<\/h1>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:separator {\"backgroundColor\":\"lightgrey\"} -->\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-text-color has-lightgrey-color has-alpha-channel-opacity has-lightgrey-background-color has-background\"\/>\n<!-- \/wp:separator -->\n\n<!-- wp:group {\"className\":\"is-style-default\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"padding\":{\"top\":\"60px\",\"left\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"60px\"}}},\"backgroundColor\":\"light-background\",\"layout\":{\"type\":\"constrained\"}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-style-default has-light-background-background-color has-background\" style=\"padding-top:60px;padding-bottom:60px;padding-left:0\"><!-- wp:paragraph {\"style\":{\"elements\":{\"link\":{\"color\":{\"text\":\"var:preset|color|secondary\"}}}},\"textColor\":\"secondary\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-secondary-color has-text-color has-link-color\"><strong>CONTACT&nbsp;: ADRIEN REVEL &amp; TIBERIU MINEA<\/strong><\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">1. Application \u00e0 l\u2019Injecteur de Neutres (IdN) pour ITER<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph {\"align\":\"left\"} -->\n<p class=\"has-text-align-left\">L\u2019\u00e9quipe \u2018Th\u00e9orie et Mod\u00e9lisation des Plasmas - D\u00e9charges et Surfaces\u2019 (TMP-D&amp;S) travaille depuis une dizaine d\u2019ann\u00e9es sur la mod\u00e9lisation de certains sous-ensembles du projet ITER, et plus r\u00e9cemment avec des perspectives pour la future installation DEMO. Il s\u2019agit du d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019un ensemble de trois mod\u00e8les (un prot\u00e9g\u00e9 sous licence CNRS, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, CEA) qui mod\u00e9lise en trois dimensions (3D) d\u2019espace et 3D dans l\u2019espace des vitesses sur dix m\u00e8tres environ. Ces mod\u00e8les d\u00e9crivent num\u00e9riquement la propagation du faisceau de particules \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques dans l\u2019Injecteur de Neutres (IDN) pour le chauffage des esp\u00e8ces lourdes du plasma de c\u0153ur d\u2019ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor). Les r\u00e9sultats renseignent sur les m\u00e9canismes physico-chimiques dans l\u2019IDN et les comparaisons avec des r\u00e9sultats exp\u00e9rimentaux (Max Planck \u2013 IPP, Garching, Allemagne) ont permis la validation du mod\u00e8le d\u2019extraction d\u2019ions n\u00e9gatifs (ONIX). Ce projet de grande envergure a mobilis\u00e9 plusieurs personnes de l\u2019\u00e9quipe et sa r\u00e9alisation a \u00e9t\u00e9 possible gr\u00e2ce aux projets Europ\u00e9ens (F4E \u2013 Fusion for Energy, EURATOM, EFDA), FR-FCM : F\u00e9d\u00e9ration de Recherche sur la Fusion Contr\u00f4l\u00e9e Magn\u00e9tique - CEA \/CNRS, la collaboration bilat\u00e9rale LPGP(CNRS, France)\/IPP(Max Planck, Allemagne), l\u2019ANR ITER-NIS et l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, l\u2019IDN doit fournir non seulement une partie de l\u2019\u00e9nergie du plasma de c\u0153ur de fusion, particuli\u00e8rement aux esp\u00e8ces lourdes (hydrog\u00e8ne et ses isotopes), mais \u00e9galement transf\u00e9rer du moment cin\u00e9tique (\u2018current drive\u2019 \u2013 en anglais) ce qui devrait permettre de travailler dans les modes de confinement avanc\u00e9s (H-modes). Le sch\u00e9ma d\u2019ensemble de l\u2019IDN est pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 sur la Figure 1.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:image {\"id\":649,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\",\"align\":\"center\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full\"><img src=\"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/b51ec757-9e95-4a6b-87f4-c3aeb5f9209e-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-649\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 1 \u2013 Sch\u00e9ma de principe de l\u2019Injecteur de Neutres pour ITER<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group -->\n\n<!-- wp:group {\"layout\":{\"type\":\"constrained\"}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><!-- wp:group {\"layout\":{\"type\":\"default\"}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><!-- wp:heading {\"textAlign\":\"center\"} -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Trois codes particulaires (Particle-In-Cell Monte Carlo Collision : PIC-MCC) 3D ont \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9s pour trois r\u00e9gions sp\u00e9cifiques de l\u2019IdN.<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer -->\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:columns -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns\"><!-- wp:column {\"className\":\"is-style-default\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"padding\":{\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\"}},\"border\":{\"width\":\"0px\",\"style\":\"none\"}}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-style-default\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"> ONIX (Orsay Negative Ion eXtraction)<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Ce mod\u00e8le num\u00e9rique simule l\u2019extraction d\u2019ions n\u00e9gatifs (IN) d\u2019un plasma \u00e9lectron\u00e9gatif (hydrog\u00e8ne ou d\u00e9ut\u00e9rium) \u00e0 travers une aperture (diam\u00e8tre typique 14 mm) par des forts champs \u00e9lectriques (~1 kV\/mm). ONIX prend en compte les deux m\u00e9canismes de production d\u2019ions n\u00e9gatifs \u2013 en volume et par attachement \u00e9lectronique \u00e0 la surface de la grille plasma.<br>L\u2019extraction d\u2019IN des plasmas \u00e9lectron\u00e9gatifs est une probl\u00e9matique d\u2019importance en physique des plasmas. Particuli\u00e8rement, si le courant recherch\u00e9 doit \u00eatre fort (plusieurs Amp\u00e8res) l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 de l\u2019extraction d\u2019INs devient cruciale, comme c\u2019est le cas pour le bon fonctionnement de l\u2019IdN qui devra fournir au plasma de fusion d\u2019ITER 2x35 MW.<br>Les r\u00e9sultats num\u00e9riques r\u00e9cents montrent un tr\u00e8s bon accord avec les mesures exp\u00e9rimentales, \u00e0 la fois pour le courant d\u2019ions n\u00e9gatifs extrait du plasma et pour le courant d'\u00e9lectrons co-extrait. L'approche particulaire utilis\u00e9e pour ONIX a \u00e9t\u00e9 test\u00e9e pour des plasmas de densit\u00e9 (~1018 m-3) \u00e0 l\u2019aide des calculs massivement parall\u00e8les (4096 CPUs - IPP) et valid\u00e9e par la confrontation \u00e0 l\u2019exp\u00e9rience, notamment sur l\u2019installation prototype (\u00e9chelle r\u00e9duite 1\/8 de ITER) BATMAN du IPP (Institut f\u00fcr PlasmaPhysik, Garching, Allemagne). Une collaboration bilat\u00e9rale LPGP\/IPP (Prof. U. Fantz) a \u00e9t\u00e9 mise en place depuis 2012.<br>Ces r\u00e9sultats indiquent sans ambigu\u00eft\u00e9 le besoin d\u2019un mod\u00e8le tridimensionnel exig\u00e9 par le filtre magn\u00e9tique obtenu par la superposition de deux configurations magn\u00e9tiques orthogonales. ONIX permet \u00e9galement de d\u00e9crire la distribution 3D de la charge d\u2019espace qui se forme devant la grille plasma et qui influe directement les trajectoires des INs extraits. De plus, il pr\u00e9dit les aberrations du faisceau en formation qui se propagent et s\u2019accentue par la suite dans l\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9rateur.<br>A titre d\u2019exemple la Fig. 2 montre les courants extraits d\u2019ions n\u00e9gatifs pour le cas standard, en fonction de la localisation d\u2019origine des ions (<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0029-5515\/56\/10\/106025\">S. Mochalskyy, D. W\u00fcnderlich, U. Fantz, P. Franzen, T. Minea. Comparison of ONIX Simulation Results and Experimental Data from the BATMAN testbed for Study of Negative Ion Extraction, 2016 Nucl. Fusion 56, 106025; doi:10.1088\/0029-5515\/56\/10\/106025<\/a>).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"74px\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:74px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:column --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:columns -->\n\n<!-- wp:columns -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns\"><!-- wp:column {\"className\":\"is-style-default\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"padding\":{\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\"}},\"border\":{\"width\":\"0px\",\"style\":\"none\"}}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-style-default\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">ONAC (Orsay Negative ion ACcelerator)<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Ce mod\u00e8le se focalise sur la partie \u00ab&nbsp;acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration&nbsp;\u00bb de l\u2019IdN. Les ions n\u00e9gatifs extraits de la source ainsi que les \u00e9lectrons co-extraits sont soumis \u00e0 un puissant champ \u00e9lectrique (1 MV \u2013 50 cm). Un champ magn\u00e9tique est ajout\u00e9 afin de d\u00e9vier les \u00e9lectrons co-extraits. ONAC est un code 3D PIC-MCC qui mod\u00e9lise les trajectoires des particules extraites de la source jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la fin de l\u2019acc\u00e9l\u00e9rateur (<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/0029-5515\/53\/7\/073027\">A. Revel, S. Mochalskyy, L. Caillault, A. Lifschitz, T. Minea. Transport of realistic beams in ITER neutral beam injector accelerator, 2013 Nucl. Fusion 53, 073027, doi&nbsp;:10.1088\/0029-5515\/53\/7\/073027<\/a>).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"74px\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:74px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:column --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:columns -->\n\n<!-- wp:columns -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns\"><!-- wp:column {\"className\":\"is-style-default\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"padding\":{\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\"}},\"border\":{\"width\":\"0px\",\"style\":\"none\"}}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-style-default\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">OBI (Orsay Beam Injector)<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Le mod\u00e8le OBI \u00e9tudie la neutralisation des ions n\u00e9gatifs acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9s par collision avec un gaz. Ces collisions entrainent l\u2019apparition d\u2019un plasma qui devient plus dense que le faisceau d\u2019ions n\u00e9gatifs. Cela permet d\u2019\u00e9cranter la r\u00e9pulsion coulombienne du faisceau et ainsi de grandement r\u00e9duire sa divergence.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:column --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:columns --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group -->\n\n<!-- wp:group {\"layout\":{\"type\":\"constrained\"}} -->\n<div id=\"team\" class=\"wp-block-group\"><!-- wp:group {\"layout\":{\"type\":\"default\"}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"74px\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:74px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:heading -->\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">2. Application la source Linac4 du CERN<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:heading -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"47px\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:47px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"0px\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:0px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:columns -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns\"><!-- wp:column {\"className\":\"is-style-default\",\"style\":{\"spacing\":{\"padding\":{\"top\":\"0\",\"right\":\"0\",\"bottom\":\"0\",\"left\":\"0\"}},\"border\":{\"width\":\"0px\",\"style\":\"none\"}}} -->\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-style-default\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><!-- wp:image {\"id\":646,\"sizeSlug\":\"full\",\"linkDestination\":\"none\",\"className\":\"is-style-default\"} -->\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full is-style-default\"><img src=\"https:\/\/biblioconf.lpgp.universite-paris-saclay.fr\/wordpress\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/318e3242-a31a-4cab-97bc-e566364da4ad.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-646\"\/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\"><em>Figure 2 - (gauche) Courant d\u2019ions n\u00e9gatifs extraits pr\u00e9dit par le mod\u00e8le OBI3. (droite) Courant d\u2019ions n\u00e9gatifs mesur\u00e9 au CERN.<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<!-- \/wp:image -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p>Le mod\u00e8le ONIX a \u00e9t\u00e9 adapt\u00e9 pour d\u00e9crire l\u2019extraction d\u2019ions n\u00e9gatifs de la source plasma de tr\u00e8s haute densit\u00e9 (degr\u00e9 d\u2019ionisation &gt; 50%) du CERN,en vue de leur injection dans le nouvel acc\u00e9l\u00e9rateur lin\u00e9aire Linac4 (S. Mochalskyy, J. Lettry, T. Minea, S. Mattei, \u00d8. Midttun, Study of the different Cs conditioning states of the Linac4 negative hydrogen ion source by 3D PIC-MCC numerical simulations using ONIX code, NIBS 2014 \u2013 4th International Symposium on Negative Ions, Beams and Sources, October 6 \u201310; Garching, Germany). Notons que la pr\u00e9diction d\u2019ONIX r\u00e9alis\u00e9e en 2012, bien avant l\u2019ach\u00e8vement de la construction de la source CERN, a \u00e9t\u00e9 confirm\u00e9e en novembre 2013 lors des premi\u00e8res mesures exp\u00e9rimentales conduites par le Prof. J. Lettry, comme le montre la Fig. 5 (<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088\/1367-2630\/18\/8\/085011\">S. Mochalskyy, J. Lettry, T. Minea, Beam formation in cesiated surfaces and volume accelerator ion-source 2016 New Journal Phys. 18 085011; doi:10.1088\/1367-2630\/18\/8\/085011<\/a>).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:column --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:columns -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer -->\n<div style=\"height:100px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group --><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:group -->\n\n<!-- wp:spacer {\"height\":\"50px\"} -->\n<div style=\"height:50px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n<!-- \/wp:spacer -->\n\n<!-- wp:group {\"tagName\":\"main\",\"metadata\":{\"categories\":[\"featured\"],\"patternName\":\"inspiro\/section-with-text\",\"name\":\"Section with 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